Existing simultaneously with the African family we find another type of text current in Western Europe, though whether it is a revision of the African text or is of independent origin, it is hard to say. This type Dr. Hort calls the _European_. It is represented in the Gospels by _b_, which may be taken as the typical European MS.; by _a_ in St. Matthew, _i_ (Luke and Mark), _n_ and _a_2 (giving us fragments of all the Gospels from the same MS.); _t_ in St. Mark; in a slightly revised form by _h_ of St. Matthew; in a form marked by special local characteristics, in the Irish MSS. _r_1 and _p_ (St. John); to a certain extent also by _q_ (i.e. in its renderings, and turns of expression, as distinct from the type of Greek text underlying it); of the early Fathers, the Latin version of Irenaeus may probably be referred to this family. For the European text in the Acts, Dr. Hort cites the Gigas Holmiensis (_g_), and the Milan Lectionary _g_2, and the Bobbio fragments at Vienna (_s_); for the Epistles, the Corbey MS. of St. James (_ff_), though this has possibly a tinge of Africanism in it (_see_ Bp. Wordsworth and Dr. Sanday in “Studia Biblica,” i. pp. 113, 233); and _g_ again for the Apocalypse. The _Italian_ family presents us with a type of text mainly European, but doubly revised; first in its renderings, “to give the Latinity a smoother and more customary aspect,” and secondly in its underlying text, which has been largely corrected from the Greek; in both these points the Italian MSS. are a sort of stepping-stone between the European MSS. and Jerome’s Vulgate; and as many of the Biblical quotations in Augustine’s works agree closely with them, it is distinctly probable that it was this revision which he praised as the Itala. To this group we would assign _f_ in the Gospels, and less notably _q_; in the Epistles the Freisingen fragments _q_ of St. John and St. Peter, and _r_ _r_2 of St. Paul’s Epistles, and the Göttweig fragments _r_3 of Romans and Galatians. But it will be seen that this arrangement leaves a large number of MSS. unaccounted for; many of the Old Latin MSS. present texts which it is impossible to class either as African, European, or Italian. Some of them possess all three characteristics; some have been half corrected from the Vulgate; and local variation, independent translation from the Greek, and in the case of the Graeco-Latin MSS., assimilation _to_ the Greek, have still further complicated matters. Among these mixed texts must be placed _a_ in SS. Mark, Luke, and John (with occasional Africanisms, and a large element quite peculiar to itself); _c_, which gives us a text very near the Vulgate in St. John; _d_, that apparently insoluble problem; _ff_1 and _f_2_g_1_s_δ; _l_, a text which to a large extent is almost pure Vulgate, but which at the same time preserves a number of readings, mostly interpolations, that are quite peculiar.