+HISTORIC MONUMENTS; THE ORDERS.+ It was the Dorians and Ionians who developed the architecture of classic Greece. This fact is perpetuated in the traditional names, Doric and Ionic, given to the two systems of columnar design which formed the most striking feature of that architecture. While in Egypt the column was used almost exclusively as an internal support and decoration, in Greece it was chiefly employed to produce an imposing exterior effect. It was the most important element in the temple architecture of the Greeks, and an almost indispensable adornment of their gateways, public squares, and temple enclosures. To the column the two races named above gave each a special and radically distinct development, and it was not until the Periclean age that the two forms came to be used in conjunction, even by the mixed Doric-Ionic people of Attica. Each of the two types had its own special shaft, capital, entablature, mouldings, and ornaments, although considerable variation was allowed in the proportions and minor details. The general type, however, remained substantially unchanged from first to last. The earliest examples known to us of either order show it complete in all its parts, its later development being restricted to the refining and perfecting of its proportions and details. The probable origin of these orders will be separately considered later on. +THE DORIC.+ The column of the Doric order (Figs. 26, 27) consists of a tapering shaft rising directly from the stylobate or platform and surmounted by a capital of great simplicity and beauty. The shaft is fluted with sixteen to twenty shallow channellings of segmental or elliptical section, meeting in sharp edges or _arrises_. The capital is made up of a circular cushion or _echinus_ adorned with fine grooves called _annulæ_, and a plain square _abacus_ or cap Upon this rests a plain architrave or _epistyle_, with a narrow fillet, the _tænia_, running along its upper edge. The frieze above it is divided into square panels, called the _metopes_, separated by vertical _triglyphs_ having each two vertical grooves and chamfered edges. There is a triglyph over each column and one over each intercolumniation, or two in rare instances where the columns are widely spaced. The cornice consists of a broadly projecting _corona_ resting on a _bed-mould_ of one or two simple mouldings. Its under surface, called the _soffit_, is adorned with _mutules_, square, flat projections having each eighteen _guttæ_ depending from its under side. Two or three small mouldings run along the upper edge of the corona, which has in addition, over each slope of the gable, a gutter-moulding or _cymatium_. The cornices along the horizontal edges of the roof have instead of the cymatium a row of _antefixæ_, ornaments of terra-cotta or marble placed opposite the foot of each tile-ridge of the roofing. The enclosed triangular field of the gable, called the _tympanum_, was in the larger monuments adorned with