is coiled up spirally; but as soon as the animals are alarmed they throw the hinder part of the body upwards and forwards and even over the head. The _grubs_ (Figs. 66 and 69, _left_) have indeed, like the caterpillars, a clearly visible hard head, but no characteristic abdominal legs, or at most a pair of sucker feet at the end of the body (wireworms). Thoracic legs are present in several grubs (cockchafer larvæ, wireworms, leaf beetles); in others (larvæ of weevils and fleas) they are entirely absent. _Maggots_ are those entirely footless insect larvæ which do not possess a head clearly marked off from the rest of the body, and the head-end of which is only to be recognized by the presence of the mouth and mouth-parts. _Pupæ_ are enclosed in a case which either only faintly indicates the outline of the various parts of the adult insect, or else closely surrounds every part of the body—wings, legs, antennæ, and even the mouth-parts and eyes. Pupæ of the first kind are termed _obtectate_ (Fig. 60); those of the second, _free_ (Figs. 61, 65). Many pupæ are _naked_, others are surrounded by a web (cocoon) spun by the larva (Fig. 60). There are also pupæ distinguished by the peculiarity that when the insect has lived through the maggot-stage it does not strip off its integument, but turns into a pupa inside the shrivelled maggot-skin, from which the perfect insect later on breaks out (Fig. 67). The class of insects can be divided into eleven orders: (1) _Coleoptera_ (Beetles); (2) _Orthoptera_ (Grasshoppers, Locusts); (3) _Neuroptera_ (Dragon-flies); (4) _Hymenoptera_ (Bees, Ants, Saw-flies); (5) _Lepidoptera_ (Butterflies and Moths); (6) _Hemiptera_ (Aphides, Bugs); (7) _Physopoda_ (Thrips); (8) _Diptera_ (Flies with two wings); (9) _Aphaniptera_ (Fleas); (10) _Pediculina_ (Lice); (11) _Collembola_ (Spring-tails and Tassel-tails). ORDER I.: =Coleoptera= (BEETLES). Beetles (Fig. 65) are insects with biting mouth-parts, and strongly developed prothorax united with the mesothorax so as to permit free movement. The fore wings are in the form of hard covers, leaving exposed only the head, neck-shield (_i.e._ the dorsal side of the prothorax), a three-cornered bit of the mesothorax (_scutellum_), and sometimes the tip of the abdomen. Flight is effected by the hind wings alone, which in a state of rest are drawn back under the wing-covers. The metamorphosis is complete; the larvæ are legless, or with thoracic legs only, and have a hard head with biting mouth-parts; change into free pupæ (p. 93). Family: =Carabidæ= (_Ground Beetles_).