[57] Original. [58] Cf. chap. 88. [59] The liberal arts were seven, consisting of the _trivium_--grammar, logic, and rhetoric--and the _quadrivium_--arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. This course of study was introduced in the sixth century. Asser here employs the singular, _artem_, which might be translated by ‘education.’ [60] See Alfred’s own statement in Appendix I, p. 69. [61] Original. [62] Alfred says (Preface to the _Pastoral Care_): ‘Thanks be to Almighty God that we have any teachers among us now.’ In this same Preface he mentions, among those who aided him in the translation, Archbishop Plegmund, Bishop Asser, our author, and the two priests Grimbold and John. Cf. chaps. 77, 78, 79, 81, 88, and Appendix I, p. 71. [63] Stevenson brackets this clause. [64] Mostly from the _Chronicle_. [65] This clause must refer to the first line of the chapter, as there is no previous mention of the Northumbrians. [66] From the _Chronicle_. [67] Original. [68] ‘_Subarravit_, formed from _sub_ and _arrha_, represents literally the English verb _wed_, which refers to the giving of security upon the engagement of marriage.... [It] is glossed by _beweddian_ in Napier’s _Old English Glosses_’ (Stevenson). [69] William of Malmesbury calls her Æthelswith. [70] Of the Gaini nothing is known. [71] Largely from the _Chronicle_. [72] ‘A compound of _tig_ (Modern Welsh _tŷ_, “house”), and _guocobauc_ (Modern Welsh _gogofawg_), an adjective derived from _gogof_, “cave.” ... The name ... is certainly applicable to Nottingham, which has long been famous for the houses excavated out of the soft sandstone upon which it stands’ (Stevenson). The word Nottingham itself, however, has not this meaning. [73] Here and elsewhere in the text often spelled Æthered. [74] From the _Chronicle_. [75] In Norfolk. [76] Mostly from the _Chronicle_. [77] Chiefly from the _Chronicle_. [78] Five and one-half miles southwest of Reading. [79] Added from Florence of Worcester by Stevenson. [80] Chiefly from the _Chronicle_. [81] The Berkshire Downs (Stevenson). [82] Stevenson is convinced that Æscesdun, though interpreted as ‘mons fraxini,’ cannot mean ‘the hill of the ash,’ but that Ash is here a man’s name. [83] Perhaps _mediam_ is a scribal error for _unam_ or _primam_ (Stevenson). [84] There is a note on the Germanic shield-wall in my edition of _Judith_ (305ª), in the Belles Lettres Series. [85] All original except final clause. [86] Supplied by Stevenson from Florence of Worcester. [87] Mostly original. [88] Probably Reading. [89] From the _Chronicle_. [90] Before this sentence occurs the following in the Latin: _Quibus cum talia præsentis vitæ dispendia alienigenis perperam quærentibus non sufficerent._ This may represent a sentence in the author’s draft that was intended, owing to change of construction, to be omitted (Stevenson). [91] In Hampshire. [92] Mostly from the _Chronicle_. [93] In Dorsetshire.