Life on any one of the outer planets is impossible. The density of
these planets averages about the same as the density of the sun,
which is a little higher than the density of water. The density of
Saturn is even less than water. In other words, Saturn would float
in water and it is the lightest of all the planets. It is assumed
from these facts that the four outer planets are largely in a gaseous
condition. They all possess dense atmospheres and, in spite of their
huge size, rotate on their axis with great rapidity. The two whose
rotation periods are known, Jupiter and Saturn, turn on their axis in
about ten hours. On account of this rapid rotation and their gaseous
condition both Jupiter and Saturn are noticeably flattened at the
poles.
The terrestrial planets are separated from the outer group by a wide
gap. Within this space are to be found the asteroid or planetoid
group. There are known to be over nine hundred and fifty of these
minor bodies whose diameters range from five hundred miles for the
largest to three or four miles for the smallest. There are only four
asteroids whose diameters exceed one hundred miles and the majority
have diameters of less than twenty miles. The total mass of the
asteroids is much less than that of the smallest of the planets. It
was believed at one time that these small bodies were fragments of a
shattered planet, but this view is no longer held. The asteroids as
well as the comets and meteors probably represent the material of the
primitive solar nebula that was not swept up when the larger planets
were formed.
With few exceptions the asteroids are only to be seen in large
telescopes and then only as star-like points of light. Most of them
are simply huge rocks and all are necessarily devoid of life since
such small bodies have not sufficient gravitational force to hold an
atmosphere.
The revolution of the planets around the sun and of the satellites
of the planets around the primary planets are performed according to
known laws of motion that make it possible to foretell the positions
of these bodies years in advance. Asteroids and comets also obey
these same laws, and after three observations of the positions of
one of these bodies have been obtained its future movements can be
predicted. All the planets and their satellites are nearly perfect
spheres. They all, with few exceptions, rotate on their axes and
revolve around the sun, or, in the case of moons, around their
primaries, in the same direction, from west to east. Only the two
outermost satellites of Jupiter, the outermost satellites of Saturn
and the satellites of Uranus and Neptune retrograde or travel in
their orbits from east to west, which is opposite to the direction of
motion of all the other planets and satellites.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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