The opinion of fish culturists as to the action of chlorinated waters
upon fish eggs in hatcheries is almost unanimously to the effect that it
is a destructive one. Fish eggs are extremely sensitive to chlorine and
hypochlorous acid and very few will survive in a water containing 0.1
p.p.m. of free chlorine. The Department of Fisheries of the Dominion of
Canada has informed the author that free chlorine in the water had a
marked adverse effect on the hatching of the eggs of Atlantic salmon,
Great Lake trout, pickerel, and whitefish, but no effect was noticed
when free chlorine was absent. The Department has, however, decided to
remove all the hatcheries to localities where water that does not
require chlorination can be obtained.
The effect of chlorinated water upon seeds, plants, and flowers has been
investigated by the Dominion Department of Agriculture and Dr. Gussow
(Dominion Botanist) and Dr. Shutt (Agricultural Chemist) who were in
charge of the work, have reported that water treated with hypochlorite
caused no apparent injury to carnations and hybrid roses. Six varieties
of wheat seed, after soaking in freshly prepared hypochlorite solutions
(0.05 to 10 parts per million of available chlorine) were all sown on
the same day. Germination was found to be uniform throughout and no
effect of the chlorine was observed either as regards the rate of
germination or the development of the young plants. Experiments on
barley and oats produced similar results. Radishes, turnips, cucumbers,
and beans also showed no retardation in development after treatment with
chlorinated water.
These experiments were conducted with solutions of bleach in distilled
water, but identical results were obtained in a later series when the
treated city supply (Ottawa) was used.
The results proved conclusively that statements alleging damage to
plants, flowers, and seeds by the hypochlorite treatment of water are
unfounded and do not merit the slightest consideration.
_Corrosion of Pipes._ Chlorinated water, it has been alleged on many
occasions, causes rapid corrosion of galvanised iron water services and
especially of the water tubes of boilers, water heaters, etc. When
bleach is used for water treatment, a slight increase in the hardness is
produced but as this is mostly due to calcium chloride, there is no
corresponding increase in the salts that form a protective coating. The
presence of traces of calcium chloride and chloro-organic compounds
might tend to increase the corrosive properties of a water but this
increase is probably so small as to be negligible.
If pipe corrosion is considered by the carbonic acid hypothesis, the use
of bleach should tend to reduce it because bleach contains an excess of
base that combines with a portion of the free carbonic acid. The results
of routine tests for free carbonic acid made on the raw and treated
waters at Ottawa are as follows:
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