Benzoic acid, like the aldehyde, is a natural product which has long been known. It was obtained from gum benzoin at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and its preparation from this source was described by Scheele in 1755. The same chemist afterwards found it in urine, and from these two sources, the one vegetable and the other animal, the acid was formerly prepared. Its relationship to benzene has already been alluded to in connection with the history of that hydrocarbon. It will be remembered that by heating this acid with lime Mitscherlich obtained benzene in 1834. In one operation, therefore, setting out from toluene, we make these two natural products, the aldehyde and acid, which are easily separable by technical processes. The wants of the technologist have been met, and he has been enabled to compete successfully with Nature, for he can manufacture these products much more cheaply than when he had to depend upon bitter almonds or gum benzoin. The synthetical bitter-almond oil is chemically identical with that from the plant. Besides its use for the manufacture of colouring-matters, it is employed for flavouring purposes and in perfumery, this being the first instance of a coal-tar perfume which we have had occasion to mention. The odour in this case, it must be remembered, is that of the actual compound which imparts the characteristic taste and smell to the almond; it is not the result of substituting a substance which has a particular odour for another having a similar odour, as is the case with nitrobenzene, which, as already mentioned, is used in large quantities under the name of "essence of mirbane," for imparting an almond-like smell to soap. The introduction of malachite green marks another epoch in the history of the technology of the triphenylmethane colours. The action between benzoic aldehyde and other bases analogous to dimethylaniline was found to be quite general, and the principle was extended to diethylaniline and similarly constituted bases. Various green dyes--some of them acids formed by the action of sulphuric acid on the colour base--are now manufactured, and many other colouring-matters of the same group are synthesised by the benzoic aldehyde process.