There are certain verbal preterits which have present tense meanings. They are those which are passive in form but active in (19 meaning; e.g., _cocoroieta_ 'to understand,' _qicoieta_ 'to hear,' _voboieta_ 'to remember,' _qiqiieta_ 'to understand,' _zonjita_ 'to know,' and there may {124} be many others. The verbs which follow belong to the first conjugation even though their roots do not end as previously stated.[73] If the present tense of these forms does not change the _i_ to _uru_ they are exceptional; e.g., _abi,uru_ 'to wash oneself,' _fotobi,uru_ 'to become soft,' _focorobi,uru_ 'to become unstitched,' _cabi_ [_cabi,uru_] 'to be moldy,'[74] _sabi_ [_sabi,uru_] 'to rust,' _deqi_ [_deqi,uru_] 'to be finished, or ended,' _cuchi:cutçuru_ 'to rot,' _michi:mitçuru_ 'to be filled in by the sea,' _ini,uru_ 'to leave,' _nobi:nobiru_ or _noburu_ 'to be spread out,' _tçuqi,uru_ 'to be used,' _vori:uru_ 'to descend from above,' _xij:xijru_[75] 'to invite to dine, by compulsion,' _ni:niru_ 'to resemble,' _mochij:mochiiuru_ 'to evaluate,' _ni:niru_ 'to cook,' _mi:miru_ 'to look at,' _cori,uru_ 'to correct,' _vochi:votçuru_ 'to fall,' _i:iru_ 'to exist, or be present,' _fugui,uru_ 'to pass, as time passes,' _vabi,uru_ 'to beg for mercy,' _carabi,uru_ 'to become dry,' _iqi:iquru_ 'to live,' _fi:firu_ 'to become dry,' _qi:quru_ 'to come,' _qi:qiru_ 'to dress oneself,' _voqi,uru_ 'to get out of bed.' The following four verbs have irregular, as well as regular, present tenses;[76] _ataie_ has _atóru_ 'to give,' _vaqimaie_ has _vaqimǒru_ 'to discriminate,' _tonaie_ has _tonóru_ 'to bless,' _sonaie_ has _sonóru_ 'to place in a high position.' _The Preterit, Perfect, Imperfect, and Pluperfect_ In Japanese there is no imperfect. In its place the perfect is used. The perfect is formed in two ways. The first is by suffixing _ta_ to the root of a verb ; e.g., _agueta_ is the preterit of the verb _ague,uru_ 'to offer.' The second is by suffixing _te_ to the root and to that adding _gozari,u_ or _ari,u_ which is then conjugated in the present or the preterit of the second conjugation; e.g., _aguete gozaru_ or _aguete gozatta_, or _aguete aru_ or _aguete atta_ 'offered, or had offered.' If the particle _fáia_ [_faia_] is placed before the verb the expression is strengthened; e.g., (20 _fáia aguete gozatta_ [_faia_ ...] 'I had already offered it.' When the verb _ari,u_ is suffixed to the perfect it is not as elegant a way of speaking as {125} when _gozari,u_ is used. Therefore when speaking one must be careful about what one says, or in front of whom one speaks, so as to give each person the honor he deserves. _The Future of the First Conjugation_