There must have been many raids by the French and others at various mediaeval periods, and it can hardly be doubted that these forts took some part in resisting them. Against such an incursion as that feeble attempt by Perkin Warbeck in 1495, when the men of Kent in this part of the county, and particularly those from Sandwich, beat back the intruders, such earthworks as these must have been a valuable means of defence. Among the State Papers preserved in the Record Office are several which give interesting information generally as to the defences set up by Henry VIII in 1540. [Illustration: FIG. 34. DEAL CASTLE, FROM THE SOUTH] From them we gather that the following castles and blockhouses were at that time newly built in the Downs (_i.e._, Sandown, Deal, and Walmer) and at the following places: Dover(?), Folston (Folkestone), Rye, Calshotispoynt (Calshot), the Cowe (Cowes) under the Wight, two bulwarks above Gravesend, and bulwarks at Higham, Tilbury, and over against Gravesend, at Plymouth, Dartmouth, Falmouth, Fowey, Torre Bay, Portland, etc. [Illustration: FIG. 35. TILBURY FORT IN THE YEAR 1588] Christopher Morres, Master of the Ordnance in 1540, drew up a book of "rates for captains, constables, deputies, soldiers, porters, and gunners, for the safe-keeping of the King's castles and bulwarks, of late new devised by his Majesty's commandment," in which are the following details: "_The bulwark at Gravesend._ Crane, captain 12_d._ a day; deputy 8_d._; porter 6_d._; 2 soldiers and 6 gunners 6_d._ _Mr. Cobham's bulwark_, Mr. Cobham, captain, and 11 others. _Th'ermitaige_,[24] Johne's bulwark in Essex side over against Gravesend. Francis Grant, captain, and 8 others. _The bulwarks at Tilbury._ Boyfield, captain, and 8 others. _The bulwark of Hiegham_, Jarley, one of the Guard, captain. "At the Downes. _The Great Castle_, Thos. Wynkfelde, of Sandewyke, captain, and 34 others. _Four bulwarks of earth in the Downs_, 4 captains and 32 others. _The bulwarks under Dover Castle_, a captain and 3 others. _The bulwark in the Cliff_, a captain and 2 others. _The bulwark of earth upon the hill beyond the pier at Dover_, Edmond Moody, captain, and 11 others. _The Castle at Folston_, Kayse, captain, and 18 others. _The Castle at Rye_, Ph. Chutt, captain, and 24 others. _The town of Portsmouth_ John Chaterton, captain, and 7 others. _The Wyndemyll and Mr. Chaterton's bulwarks._ One gunner to each. _The Tower of Portsmouth_ John Rydley, captain, and 4 others. _The bulwark of Mr. Sperte's making at Gosport side, and the blockhouse there_, Slymbye, captain, and 5 others. _The Castle at Calste Point_, William Shirlande, and 20 others. Total 220 men; £2208. 5_s._ per annum.