_Molinia_ is not easily confounded with any others but _Anthoxanthum_ (see p. 57), _Arrhenatherum_ (see p. 56) or _Brachypodium_. _Brachypodium sylvaticum_ is distinguished by habitat, its broad leaves, membranous ligule, fibrous roots, &c. _Kœleria cristata_, Pers. (Crested Kœleria). Very short, perennial in dry pastures, pubescent, pale green. Leaves narrow, tapering below, soon involute, ciliated. Ridges prominent, alternately high and low. Ligule obsolete, or a mere jagged yellowish line. Useless. _Triodia decumbens_, Beauv. (Decumbent Heath-grass). Low perennial. Leaves narrow, obtuse, slightly ridged, tough, at length involute, with long, soft hairs, especially below and on the edges. Sheath grooved, hairy, especially at the throat. Ligule a tuft of hairs. Section of shoot flat; leaves conduplicate. Of no known use as fodder. The rare grasses _Panicum glabrum_, Gaud., _P. viride_, _L._ and _P. Crus-galli_, L. introduced in the S.E. counties also come here. †† _Ligule membranous._ _Avena flavescens_, L. (Yellow Oat-grass). Loose tufted perennial, pale green, with rounded shoots bursting the sheaths. Leaves flat, slender, soft, fine-ribbed and hairy, especially on the low ridges above. Sheath hairy, especially below, not keeled. Ligule short, obtuse, often truncate, ciliate. A valuable pasture and meadow-grass, also in water-meadows. Its roots are abundant, and it will grow well in calcareous soils (see Fig. 10). _Avena pubescens_, Huds. (Downy Oat-grass). A variety of _A. pratensis_ (see p. 47), but less densely tufted, and the leaves flat and pubescent, and especially the sheaths very pubescent. Ligule ovate-acute. Shoots flat. Dry districts, and a weed. _Avena flavescens_ is not easily confounded with any other grass if well grown. All the Poas otherwise like it are glabrous, and without the ridges. The same applies to _A. pubescens_. _Arrhenatherum_ is also glabrous, its leaves narrower, its ridges much flatter and broader, and its ligule is hairy outside (see p. 56). _Brachypodium sylvaticum_, Beauv. (Wood False-brome). Rather slender, perennial. Leaves flat and devoid of ridges; long, very thin and dry, limp, slightly tapering below, hirsute. Sheath round, hairy. Ligule fairly long, obtuse, toothed. Copses, &c. Useless. _Brachypodium pinnatum_, L. (Heath False-brome), is a species growing in the open, with narrow, firm, rigid, erect leaves, hardly hairy; with distinct ridges, and tending to roll up. Ligule fringed with hair. Open heaths. Useless. The only grasses likely to be confounded here are the Bromes, and they have entire sheaths. CHAPTER IV. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY.