Guide to the study of animal ecologyAdams, Charles C. (Charles Christopher)
Science
Guide to the study of animal ecology
Adams, Charles C. (Charles Christopher)
Animal ecology
The facts and ideas with which the animal ecologist needs to become
acquainted are so widely scattered that a large amount of selective
reading is necessary. The ecologist must read, select, and become
an organizing center of things ecological. All of the facts and
conceptions which he needs are not even confined to zoölogical or
biological literature. In seeking an understanding of any problem,
conventional groupings of the sciences and their arbitrary boundaries
must not bar one from fertile fields. Many of the conceptions of the
physical sciences, due to their more advanced stage of development,
anticipate the future development of biology. This is particularly
true of their dynamic conceptions. For this reason we should not
hesitate to utilize and deliberately strive to secure development
along similar lines in animal ecology. Elsewhere I have stated (An
Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan, 1906, pp. 11, 12) that:
“It is thus very apparent that as soon as ecological phenomena
are investigated dynamically and expressed in terms of processes,
this science will of necessity become more closely correlated with
those allied sciences which have already availed themselves of such
methods.... It seems a very simple matter to give assent to the idea
of the law of change, yet in its practical application this simplicity
often vanishes at once when it is seen that it involves the relation
of cause and effect.... As this method of thinking is not generally
understood, it is occasionally applied in such a crude and general
sense that its bearing cannot be grasped when applied to special
or concrete problems. There can be no question as to the general
validity of this method, but what is now needed is to know how these
processes are combined and related to produce particular environmental
conditions or situations. That these difficulties are not confined
to the ecologist alone, but are obstacles which arise in any attempt
at scientific interpretation, is worthy of special notice. We are
thus able to see why certain naturalists, apparently not recognizing
or understanding the developmental processes which scientific ideas
undergo, nor being acquainted with the tendencies of interpretation,
dynamically considered, now making such rapid headway in ecological
botany, geography, physiography, geology, and psychology, are inclined
to look upon such attempts in biology as merely a fad or personal
peculiarity of the student, and not of any particular consequence. Such
ideas confuse the incidental with the essential and suggest a complete
failure to grasp the situation or to realize the fundamental importance
of stating explanations in terms of processes. Furthermore, in several
of the allied sciences, the methods of dynamical interpretation have
already made considerable advance. Here, then, is a resource, at
present largely unworked by many biologists, where a wealth of ideas
and explanations lies strewn over the surface and only need to be
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