_Perfect_ @(me) esas aminta@ = _(I) have loved_. _Pluperfect_ @(me) esis aminta@ = _(I) had loved_. _Future perfect_ @(me) esos aminta@ = _(I) shall have loved_. _Past conditional_ @(me) esus aminta@ = _(I) should have loved_. The past tenses of the passive (indicating _completed_ states) are formed by means of the passive participle in @-ita@:-- @(me) esis amita@ = _(I) had been loved_. @(me) esos amita@ = _(I) shall have been loved_. @(me) esus amita@ = _(I) would have been loved_. Derived adverbs are formed by substituting the ending _-e_ for the _-a_ of the adjective or the _-o_ of the noun: @bone@ = _well_; @nokte@ = _at night_. FORMATION OF WORDS. All words are composed of three elements, possessing an invariable form and meaning: _stems_, _affixes_ (prefixes and suffixes), and _grammatical terminations_. @Prefixes@:-- @ge-@, the two sexes united: @ge-patri@ = _parents_. @bo-@, relation by marriage: @bo-patro@ = _father-in-law_. @ex-@, former, ex-: @ex-oficero@ = _ex-officer_. @mal-@, opposite, contrary: @mal-bela@ = _ugly_. @mis-@, error, mistake: @mis-komprenar@ = _misunderstand_. @mi-@, half: @mi-horo@ = _half an hour_. @re-@, repetition: @re-dicar@ = _repeat_, _say again_. @retro-@, backwards: @retro-sendar@ = _return (send back)_. @ne-@, negation: @ne-utila@ = _useless_ (but @mal-utila@ = _harmful_). @sen-@, want of: @sen-arma@ = _unarmed_. @Suffixes@:-- @-in@, female sex: @frat-ino@ = _sister_. @-id@, descendant: @Sem-ido@ = _Semite_. @-estr@, chief, director: @urb-estro@ = _mayor_. @-an@, member of: @senat-ano@ = _senator_. @-ism@, system, doctrine: @socialismo@ = _socialism_. @-ist@, profession, occupation: @dent-isto@ = _dentist_. @-er@, amateur: @fotograf-ero@ = _amateur photographer_. @-ul@, person who is characterised by ...: @kuras-ulo@ = _cuirassier_. @-aj@, concrete thing, consisting of, or made of: @lan-ajo@ = _woollen goods_. @-ur@, product, result: @pikt-uro@ = _a picture_. @-ar@, collection of a number of similar things: @hom-aro@ = _mankind_. @-il@, instrument, tool: @bros-ilo@ = _brush_. @-ey@, place for ...: @kaval-eyo@ = _stable_; @dorm-eyo@ = _dormitory_. @-uy@, container, recipient: @ink-uyo@ = _inkpot_. @-yer@, that which bears or carries: @pom-yero@ = _apple tree_. @-al@, relating to: @nacion-ala@ = _national_. @-oz@, full of, provided with: @por-oza@ = _porous_. @-atr@, similar, like: @spong-atra@ = _sponge-like_, _spongy_. @-iv@, that which can, active possibility: @instrukt-iva@ = _instructive_. @-em@, addicted to: @babil-ema@ = _talkative_, _garrulous_. @-ebl@, passive possibility, that which can be ...: @vid-ebla@ = _visible_. @-end@, that which is to be, or must be ...: @solv-enda@ = _to be solved_, _requiring solution_. @-ind@, worthy of being: @respekt-inda@ = _worthy of respect_. @-es@, state of being: @san-esar@ = _to be well_, whence the