And now let us suppose that the village is suddenly presented with a pumping-engine, having a handle or handles at which five of these men can work simultaneously, and by means of which they, working no harder than formerly, can raise twice the amount of water that was formerly raised by ten men—namely _two thousand_ gallons daily, instead of _one thousand_. The villagers, therefore, have now _a thousand_ gallons daily which they did not have before; and to what is the supply of this extra quantity due? It is not due to Labour. The Labour involved can produce no more than formerly; indeed it must produce less; for its quality is unchanged, and it is halved in quantity. Obviously, then, the extra _thousand_ gallons are due to the pumping-engine, and this not in a mere theoretical sense, but in the most practical sense possible; for this extra supply appears in the cistern as soon as the engine is present, and would cease to appear if the engine were taken away. [Sidenote ◆1 It may be also observed that the added product will go to the owner of the machine, just as rent goes to the owner of the land.] ◆¹ And here let me pause for a moment, as I did when I was discussing land, to point out a fact which at the present stage of argument has no logical place, but which should be realised by the reader, in order to avoid misconception: namely, the fact that the extra water-supply which is due to the pumping-engine, will necessarily be the property of whoever owns the engine, just as rent will be the property of whoever owns the land that yields it. We supposed just now that the owner of the engine was the village. We supposed that the engine was presented to it. Consequently the village owned the whole extra _thousand_ gallons. It had not to pay for them. But let us suppose instead that the engine was the property of some stranger. Just as necessarily in that case the gallons would belong to him; and he could command payment for them, just as if he had carried them to the cistern himself. We supposed that the village was able to pay _five hundred pounds_ for its water; and that it really wanted, for its convenience, twice as much as it could obtain for that sum expended on human labour. The owner of the pumping-engine, by allowing the village to use it, doubles the water-supply, and halves the labour bill. The expenditure on labour sinks from _five hundred pounds_ to _two hundred and fifty pounds_; and the owner of the pumping-engine can, it is needless to say, command the _two hundred and fifty pounds_ which is saved to the village by its use. In actual life, no doubt, the bargain would be less simple; because in actual life there would be a number of rival pumping-engines, whose owners would reduce, by competition, the price of the extra water; but whatever the price might be, the principle would remain the same. The price or the value of the water would go to