The first section had been modified by the incorporation into it of a sentence which defined citizenship of the United States. It reads: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." This cleared up all difficulties in determining who the persons were, whose privileges and immunities were to be protected against "State" action. It also settled the question, forever, as to whether citizenship of the United States or citizenship of the "State" is primary. There is no doubt that in that clause of the original {77} Constitution which declares that the Constitution of the United States, and the laws of Congress made in accordance therewith, and the treaties made under the authority thereof, are the supreme law of the land, no matter what may be found in "State" constitutions or laws to the contrary, primary allegiance of all citizens and persons to the United States was established and required, but the advocates of "State" sovereignty always contended that, because there was no express clause in the Constitution defining citizenship, and declaring the citizenship of the United States primary, citizenship was primarily of the "State," and, hence, allegiance was due primarily to the "State" by all its inhabitants. It was very proper and very desirable that this contention should be set at rest. The language of the second section had been revised so as to make its meaning more clear, but it had not been changed at all as to its meaning. It reads in its perfected form: "Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, _and citizens of the United States_, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State."