=Cloudy Swelling, Granular Degeneration.= This may occur in the inflamed area surrounding the necrosed tissue in the seat of a burn or other injury, it is exceedingly common in the cells of inflamed parenchymatous tissue (liver, kidney), in the muscle of the heart, in the gastro-intestinal mucosa, in febrile affections and in poisoning with arsenic, phosphorus, or mineral acids. The gross appearance of the tissue is that of swelling, with a dull grayish color and a loss of its normal translucency. The cells of the affected organs are seen under the microscope to be filled with small albuminous granules which may be so abundant as to completely conceal the cell structure. The granules are insoluble in ether, but disappear under acetic acid. This condition of the cells is often associated with the exudative forms of inflammation. =Cell Proliferation and Change.= In the nonvascular organ attacked by inflammation the multiplication of tissue cells and their resumption of amœboid movements is a constant phenomenon. Virchow insisted on the fundamental relation of the cell to the morbid process, and Goodsir and Redfern showed the rapid increase of the cells of articular cartilage in attacks of arthritis. There is first a sensible increase of the nucleus of the cartilage cell which shows a more extended and deeper staining in carmine or aniline; then by a special method of division (karyokinesis) the cell and nucleus divide in two; by a similar process these divide in four and so on in regular order. Meanwhile the cartilaginous substance becomes softened and finally dissolves and disappears, leaving in the place a mass of closely aggregated cells. In the nonvascular transparent cornea, the membrane of Descemet, the epithelium of serous membranes and in the epidermis a similar cell multiplication occurs, also in the lateral cartilages of the horse’s foot. To follow the indirect cell division by karyokinesis, we must note the cell as a semi-solid mass, formed of protoplasm and nucleus, each having as its framework a network of exceedingly fine inter-crossing filaments, much finer in the nucleus than in the cell protoplasm. The nuclear filaments stain with hæmatoxylon and safranin and are called _chromatin_ threads. The intervening non-staining material is _achromatine_. The nucleus has a membranous envelope in two layers, of which the inner only stains. When about to divide two poles are formed in the cell protoplasm opposite to each other and near the nucleus the filaments concentrating to the poles. The chromatin threads in the nucleus thicken, become convoluted, split and multiply, and draw into their substance the chromatin layer of the envelope. Next the chromatin threads form long loops directed toward an achromatine centre or pole like a star, and this is followed by the progressive division of the star-shaped mass into two equal parts. Finally they separate, together with the cell protoplasm, forming two daughter cells.