The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of PhysiologyHill, Alex
Science
The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of Physiology
Hill, Alex
Physiology
When nutrition is not at its best, the growth of muscle may be favoured
by external pressure which squeezes lymph out of its tissue-spaces,
and therefore leads to increased exudation from the blood. It is not
improbable that in badly nourished tissues the circulation of blood is
somewhat torpid and the lymph stagnant. A feeble circulation usually
results in some œdema. The muscles, or rather the connective tissue
which envelops and penetrates them, feels doughy, instead of being,
as it should be, firm and elastic. Under these conditions massage is
undoubtedly of service. Squeezing the muscles displaces lymph, and,
if the pressure is properly directed, drives it along the lymphatic
vessels. Fresh lymph exudes from the capillary bloodvessels, and the
muscle-fibres, surrounded with a more abundant supply of nutriment,
benefit, as, in a vigorous person, they benefit from use.
Lymph is an exudate from blood. Its composition therefore depends
upon that of blood-plasma, but it tends to differ from it owing to
the influence of two causes. In the first place, the walls of the
capillary bloodvessels restrict exudation. Red blood-corpuscles cannot
pass through them. Proteins which are non-diffusible are, according
to the circumstances of the tissues, held back to a greater or to a
less extent. The pseudo-capillaries of the liver let them pass, as has
already been said. The capillaries of the limbs restrict their passage
to such proportions as, it may be supposed, are absolutely necessary
for the nutrition of the tissues. In the second place, tissues remove
food from lymph and add to it waste products. Hence the lymph issuing
from a limb, after full contact with the tissues, contains less of the
former and more of the latter—less sugar, for example, and rather
more oxidized nitrogenous substances, lecithin and other things termed
collectively “extractives,” because they can be extracted from dried
blood or lymph by ether. The reaction of lymph is alkaline. After a
time it coagulates, but coagulation is slower, and the clot less firm
than in the case of blood.
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