[46] Ezek. xxxiii. 6. [47] Compare with this chapter the first homily of Chrysostom to the people of Antioch. [48] Rom. viii. 28. [49] 1 Pet. iii. 4. [50] 1 Tim. vi. 6-10. [51] Job i. 21. [52] 1 Tim. vi. 17-19. [53] Matt. vi. 19-21. [54] Paulinus was a native of Bordeaux, and both by inheritance and marriage acquired great wealth, which, after his conversion in his thirty-sixth year, he distributed to the poor. He became bishop of Nola in A.D. 409, being then in his fifty-sixth year. Nola was taken by Alaric shortly after the sack of Rome. [55] Much of a kindred nature might be gathered from the Stoics. Antoninus says (ii. 14): "Though thou shouldest be going to live 3000 years, and as many times 10,000 years, still remember that no man loses any other life than this which he now lives, nor lives any other than this which he now loses. The longest and the shortest are thus brought to the same." [56] Augustine expresses himself more fully on this subject in his tract, _De cura pro mortuis gerenda_. [57] Matt. x. 28. [58] Luke xii. 4. [59] Ps. lxxix. 2, 3. [60] Ps. cxvi. 15. [61] Diogenes especially, and his followers. See also Seneca, _De Tranq._ c. 14, and _Epist._ 92; and in Cicero's _Tusc. Disp._ i. 43, the answer of Theodorus, the Cyrenian philosopher, to Lysimachus, who threatened him with the cross: "Threaten that to your courtiers; it is of no consequence to Theodorus whether he rot in the earth or in the air." [62] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, vii. 819, of those whom Cæsar forbade to be buried after the battle of Pharsalia. [63] Gen. xxv. 9, xxxv. 29, etc. [64] Gen. xlvii. 29, l. 24. [65] Tob. xii. 12. [66] Matt. xxvi. 10-13. [67] John xix. 38. [68] Dan. iii. [69] Jonah. [70] "Second to none," as he is called by Herodotus, who first of all tells his well-known story (_Clio._ 23, 24). [71] Augustine here uses the words of Cicero ("vigilando peremerunt"), who refers to Regulus, _in Pisonem_, c. 19. Aulus Gellius, quoting Tubero and Tuditanus (vi. 4), adds some further particulars regarding these tortures. [72] As the Stoics generally would affirm. [73] Virgil, _Æneid_, vi. 434. [74] Plutarch's _Life of Cato_, 72. [75] 1 Cor. ii. 11. [76] Ecclus. iii. 27. [77] Rom. xi. 33. [78] Ps. xlii. 10. [79] Ps. xcvi. 4, 5. [80] Originally the spectators had to stand, and now (according to Livy, _Ep._ xlviii.) the old custom was restored. BOOK SECOND. ARGUMENT. IN THIS BOOK AUGUSTINE REVIEWS THOSE CALAMITIES WHICH THE ROMANS SUFFERED BEFORE THE TIME OF CHRIST, AND WHILE THE WORSHIP OF THE FALSE GODS WAS UNIVERSALLY PRACTISED; AND DEMONSTRATES THAT, FAR FROM BEING PRESERVED FROM MISFORTUNE BY THE GODS, THE ROMANS HAVE BEEN BY THEM OVERWHELMED WITH THE ONLY, OR AT LEAST THE GREATEST, OF ALL CALAMITIES--THE CORRUPTION OF MANNERS, AND THE VICES OF THE SOUL.