Fig. 161 is painted with festoons of pink flowers; mark, G in blue; height 6-1/4 in. [Illustration: FIG. 162.--CUP, COVER, AND SAUCER.] Fig. 162 is grained in imitation of oak, with medallions painted with views, "Schloss aus dem Kohlenhofe" on cup, and "Lauchstaedt vor dem Brunnen" on saucer; signed, "Rühlig Fec"; mark, G in blue; diameters 3 and 5-1/4 in. BADEN-BADEN. A porcelain manufactory was established in 1753 by the widow Sperl and workmen from Höchst, with the patronage of the reigning Margrave, under Pfälzer. It ceased in 1778. [Illustration: GOTHA FIG. 163.--FIGURE OF BACCHUS. _In white biscuit._ Height 11 in.] GOTHA. Founded in 1780 by Rothenberg, and afterwards (1802) conducted by Henneberg. RAUENSTEIN, in Saxe-Meiningen. A factory for hard paste was established here in 1760. [Illustration: FIG. 164.--CUP AND SAUCER.] Fig. 164 is painted with flowers; mark, R--n; diameters 3 and 5 in. WALLENDORF, in Saxe-Coburg. There was also a factory for hard paste established by Greiner and Haman here in 1762. Fig. 165 is painted in dark blue, and with leaves in relief; mark, W, in blue; height 10 in. [Illustration: FIG. 165.--VASE.] AUSTRIA VIENNA This manufactory for _hard paste_ was founded about 1717. There are several traditions as to its origin: one is that a musician named La France, and a billiard-marker, named Dupuis, brought with them to Vienna, in October 1717, a certain Cristofle Conrad Hünger, who had been employed at Meissen as an enamel painter and gilder, and that in the following year they were joined by a man named Stölzel of Meissen, who was possessed of the secret, and became director. Another that it was a private enterprise set on foot by Claude du Pasquier, who obtained from the Emperor Charles VII. a privilege for twenty-five years. Major Byng Hall (_Adventures of a Bric-à-Brac Hunter_), however, says that it was established in 1718 by Claude Innocenz de Blaquier, who engaged one Stenzel or Stölzel to co-operate with him. With this object in view De Blaquier proceeded secretly to Meissen, where he contrived to scrape acquaintance with the arcanist in a coffee-house. He engaged with Stenzel in a game of billiards, taking care to lose, and thus he secured his object. Stenzel after some slight hesitation, accepted an offer of a thousand dollars to be paid yearly. [Illustration: FIG. 166.--CABARET.] De Blaquier had to contend with many difficulties owing to his not being possessed of the secret, and at the end of the second year Stenzel not having been paid regularly according to his contract, returned to Meissen, after having maliciously destroyed many of the models. The works had consequently to be suspended. But De Blaquier, being a man of energy and determination, endeavoured by numerous experiments to discover the porcelain mixture, and his efforts were finally crowned with success. [Illustration: FIG. 167.--MILK-POT.]