The bitter principle contained in the root, wood and bark was discovered by Blunse who named it _samaderin_; it is a white, crystalline, foliaceous substance, more soluble in water than in alcohol, fusible. Nitric and hydrochloric acids color it yellow. Sulphuric acid immediately forms a violet red color which disappears as iridescent, feathery crystals are precipitated. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.) The Filipino "herb-doctors" concoct an oil of manungal that in reality contains none of the ingredients of the seeds; it is simply cocoanut oil in which chips of the wood have been soaked. They use it in doses of 30-60 grams as a purgative, externally as an application to the abdomen in colic or indigestion and with friction in rheumatism or contusions. In India the oil extracted from the seeds is used locally with friction in rheumatism. The decoction of the wood and the powdered wood are given in fevers, in dyspepsia and as a general tonic. Infusion.--Chips of the wood 20 grams. Water 500 grams. A wineglassful several times a day in cholera, fevers, diarrhoea, etc. Botanical Description.--A small tree, trunk straight, the wood white and very light in weight. Leaves 4-5' long, alternate, acute, oval, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, veined. Petioles very short, no stipules. Flowers in terminal umbels, each composed of 4-6 flowerets with moderately long pedicels. Common peduncle, very slender, very long, drooping. Calyx of same color as corolla, inferior, very small, 4-lobuled. Corolla purplish, very long, 4 straight, linear petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the receptacle. Filaments of equal length with the petals, with 1-2 appendices at the base. Anthers spiral. Ovary 5-lobuled, borne on small stalk. One style of equal length with the stamens, situated above the center of the 5 lobules of the ovary which develop into 5 future pods. Stigma simple. Fruit 5 woody pods, short, united centrally above a small base, semi-lunar in form, medianly expanded, venate, containing a small wrinkled, kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed-stalk to the superior suture. Habitat.--Very common and well known everywhere in the Philippines. Blooms in February. BURSERACEÆ. Myrrh Family. _Garuga pinnata_, Roxb. (_G. Madagascarensis_, DC.) Nom. Vulg.--_Bugo_, Tag. Uses.--The fruit is slightly acid and edible. The trunk exudes an abundant gum, of the odor of turpentine, translucent, greenish-yellow, forming small masses slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in water, with which a mucilage is formed. The juice of the leaves is used for asthma. The sap is used in Bombay to remove opacities of the cornea. There is another species in the Philippines, _G. floribunda_, Decsne (_Icica Abilo_, Blanco), _abilo_, Tag., the root of which furnishes a decoction used for phthisis. This species also produces a gum-resin similar to that of the _bugo_.