One of the first really good granite pavements introduced into London was that known as the “Euston Pavement,” and it was constructed in the following manner: The foundation was shaped to the intended surface of the finished roadway; upon this a layer of coarse gravel was spread 4 inches in thickness, this was well rammed,[61] and upon it was spread 4 inches of gravel mixed with a small quantity of chalk to bind it; this again being well rammed, upon it was placed a similar layer only composed of finer gravel, and upon this foundation the stones were placed, being bedded upon about an inch of fine sand. The stones used were Mount Sorrel granite, which were hammer-dressed and squared, 3 inches in width by 4 inches in depth; they were set close together at right angles with the lines of the kerb, they were then thoroughly rammed by the pavior. The whole surface was afterwards covered with screened gravel which was allowed to find its way into the joints and thus steady the entire pavement. The following section will explain this. [Illustration] In many cases the foundation is simply formed by shaping the soil to the required contour, and covering this with 3 or 4 inches of gravel or cinders, which is afterwards either rammed or consolidated by the traffic; upon this the setts are placed as closely as possible, the joints are then filled with fine gravel well worked in with a “cramming iron,” the whole surface being then covered with a grouting of lime and sand, which is brushed into the joints with a stumpy broom.[62] In Leeds, Manchester, Salford, and many other important cities, I believe the foundations are formed in the manner just described, but of greater depth, the grouting also is a bituminous mixture, which I will presently describe, instead of the ordinary lime grouting. The paved streets of Manchester are proverbial for their excellence, which is attributable to the manner in which the foundations of the streets are consolidated by the traffic before any setts are placed on them; in many cases the old macadamised surface of a street being utilised as a foundation, this process being almost identical with that recommended by Sir Henry Parnell fifty years ago.[63] Where the traffic is heavy, however, a firmer foundation even than this is necessary, and up to the present time no better foundation has been introduced than that of good Portland cement concrete. This should be at least 9 inches in thickness, and be composed of one part of Portland cement, two parts of clean sharp river sand, and four parts of clean river ballast, or broken stones, or other suitable material. The surface of the concrete, after having been placed in position, should be smoothed over with the shovel, so as to present the proper convexity and have an even surface for the granite setts to be bedded upon.