Fig. 10 illustrates the general principle upon which the front axle is designed, but the construction of the swivel joints _P_ is far more elaborate, as can be seen from Fig. 11, which illustrates the actual design employed in the vehicles just described. Looking at Fig. 9, it will be noticed that the front axle consists of two bars, one of which runs in a straight line from side to side, while the other is curved with the convex side upward. In Fig. 11 _B_ is the end of the upper curved rod and _C_ is the lower straight one. These two rods are secured into the casting _A_, which holds the part _D_ upon which the wheel is carried, _D_ being the part _B_ at the left side of Fig. 10. The end _E_ which is broken off in the drawing extends through the hub of the wheel and is provided with ball bearings so as to run without friction. The upper end _F_, of _D_, is arranged so as to be held by a ball bearing, as shown, against the end of _J_. By means of an adjusting screw _I_ at the lower end, the parts are brought into proper position with reference to each other. The shaded portion _H_ is the lever _C_ at the right side of Fig. 10. The left-hand end of Fig. 12 shows a design for front axle wheels which is one of the many modifications of the general arrangement just described. In this construction the wheel swings round the stud _C_, which is placed within the hub, and in a line, or nearly so, with the center of the rim. The rod _A_ is the axle and _F_ is the lever extending from the inner part of the wheel hub by means of which the steering is effected. The left-hand side of Fig. 12 is a view as seen from the front and the right-hand side shows the device as seen from above. In this last drawing it will be observed that as the lever _F_ is attached to the inner portion of the wheel hub, if it is moved to one side or the other of axle _A_, by pulling or pushing on rod _G_, the wheel will be swung round. The advantage of designs of this type is that there is no strain whatever brought to bear upon the steering handle, and the objection is that the wheel hub is made much larger and the whole construction is somewhat more complicated. [Illustration: FIG. 13. CONSTRUCTIONS SHOWING POWER APPLIED TO FRONT WHEELS.] The arrangement of the front axle, so as to swing the wheels round a center close to the hub or within it, as described in the foregoing paragraphs, is used on all types of automobiles and is not a distinguishing feature of the electric carriage. In some of the lighter vehicles the front wheels are held in forks of a design substantially the same as that of the front wheel of the ordinary bicycle, the tops of the forks being connected with each other by means of a rod, as in the lower part of Fig. 10, so as to obtain simultaneous movement of the two wheels by the movement of a single steering handle.