[102-1] Dr. W. Windelband, _Die Erkenntnissiehre unter dem voelkerpsychologischem Gesichtspunkte_, in the _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie_, 1874, _Bd. VIII._ S. 165 _sqq._ [103-1] I would ask the reader willing to pursue this reasoning further, to peruse the charming essay of Oersted, entitled _Das ganze Dasein Ein Vernunftreich_. [104-1] Geo. Boole, _An Investigation of the Laws of Thought_, p. 407. [104-2] Herbert Spencer, _First Principles_, p. 112. Spinoza’s famous proposition, previously quoted, _Unaquæque res quantum in se est, in suo esse perseverare conatur_, (_Ethices, Pars III., Prop. VI._,) expresses also the ultimate of modern investigation. A recent critic considers it is a fallacy because the conatus “surreptitiously implies a sense of effort or struggle for existence,” whereas the logical concept of a res does not involve effort (S. N. Hodgson, _The Theory of Practice_, vol. I. pp. 134-6, London, 1870.) The answer is that identity implies continuance. In organic life we have the fact of nutrition, a function whose duty is to supply waste, and hence offer direct opposition to perturbing forces. [105-1] Geo. Boole, _The Laws of Thought_, p. 419. [105-2] Kant, _The Metaphysic of Ethics_, p. 23 (Eng. Trans. London, 1869.) [106-1] Creuzer, _Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Voelker_, Bd. I. s. 291. [108-1] See this distinction between physical and thought laws fully set forth by Prof. Boole in the appendix to _The Laws of Thought_, and by Dr. Windelband, _Zeitschrift für Voelkerpsychologie_, Bd. VIII., s. 165 sqq. [108-2] Geo. Boole, u. s. p. 399. [109-1] “Der Glaube aller geschichtlichen Religionen geht aus von dieser Annahme einer sittlichen, in Gott bewusst lebenden, Weltordnung, wonach das Gute das allein Wahre ist, and das Wahre das allein Gute.” _Gott in der Geschichte_, Bd. I. s. xl. Leipzig, 1857. [111-1] Geo. Boole, _Laws of Thought_, p. 410. [111-2] The latest researches in natural science confirm the expressions of W. von Humboldt: “Das Streben der Natur ist auf etwas Unbeschränktes gerichtet.” “Die Natur mit endlichen Mitteln unendliche Zwecke verfolgt.” _Ueber den Geschlechtsunterschied, etc._ [112-1] Wilhelm von Humboldt, _Sonnette_, “Höchste Gerechtigkeit.” [113-1] Isaiah, xlv. 7; xlvi. 10. [113-2] _Khordah--avesta_, _Ormazd--Yasht_, 38, and _Yaçna_, 42. [113-3] _The Koran_, Suras lxxxvii., xlvi. THE PRAYER AND ITS ANSWER. SUMMARY. Religion starts with a Prayer. This is an appeal to the unknown, and is indispensable in religious thought. The apparent exceptions of Buddhism and Confucianism. All prayers relate to the fulfilment of a wish. At first its direct object is alone thought of. This so frequently fails that the indirect object rises into view. This stated to be the increase of the pleasurable emotions. The inadequacy of this statement.