American essays -- 20th century; State, The; World War, 1914-1918
From this point of view, war can be called almost an upper-class
sport. The novel interests and excitements it provides, the inflations
of power, the satisfaction it gives to those very tenacious human
impulses--gregariousness and parent-regression--endow it with all
the qualities of a luxurious collective game which is felt intensely
just in proportion to the sense of significant rule the person has
in the class-division of his society. A country at war--particularly
our own country at war--does not act as a purely homogeneous
herd. The significant classes have all the herd-feeling in all its
primitive intensity, but there are barriers, or at least differentials
of intensity, so that this feeling does not flow freely without
impediment throughout the entire nation. A modern country represents
a long historical and social process of disaggregation of the herd.
The nation at peace is not a group, it is a network of myriads of
groups representing the coöperation and similar feeling of men on all
sorts of planes and in all sorts of human interests and enterprises.
In every modern industrial country, there are parallel planes of
economic classes with divergent attitudes and institutions and
interests--bourgeois and proletariat, with their many subdivisions
according to power and function, and even their interweaving, such as
those more highly skilled workers who habitually identify themselves
with the owning and the significant classes and strive to raise
themselves to the bourgeois level, imitating their cultural standards
and manners. Then there are religious groups with a certain definite,
though weakening sense of kinship, and there are the powerful ethnic
groups which behave almost as cultural colonies in the New World,
clinging tenaciously to language and historical tradition, though their
herdishness is usually founded on cultural rather than State symbols.
There are even certain vague sectional groupings. All these small
sects, political parties, classes, levels, interests, may act as foci
for herd-feelings. They intersect and interweave, and the same person
may be a member of several different groups lying at different planes.
Different occasions will set off his herd-feeling in one direction
or another. In a religious crisis he will be intensely conscious of
the necessity that his sect (or sub-herd) may prevail; in a political
campaign, that his party shall triumph.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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