3. _As Philosopher_ (1638–1651). Plans his philosophy under title of _Elements of Philosophy_: _De Corpore_, _De Homine_, and _De Cive_, which is interrupted by the English Revolution; _Elements of Law_ (“little treatise”) written in 1640, read by a few in manuscript, published without his consent in 1650 in two parts: _Human Nature_ and _De Corpore Politico_; flees to Paris (1640) and enters again the scientific circle at Paris; criticises Descartes’ _Meditations_; _De Cive_ published (1642), which is _De Corpore Politico_ enlarged; acts for a time as tutor to Charles II in Paris; engages upon his general philosophical theory (1642–1645); _Liberty and Necessity_, written (1646), published (1654); _Leviathan_ published (1651). 4. As Controversialist (1651–1668). Flees back to London (1651); _De Corpore_, published (1655); _Behemoth_, written (1668), proscribed and not published until after his death; controversies with Bramhall, Ward, Wallis, and Boyle; _De Homine_, published (1658). 5. As Classical Scholar (1668–1679). Translation of _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ (1675). In Molesworth’s edition (1839–1845), Hobbes’ Latin works occupy five volumes, the English eleven. The _Elements of Philosophy_――the _De Corpore_, _De Homine_, and _De Cive_――were not published in the sequence in which they were planned, but, on account of political exigencies, in the above order. =The Influences upon the Thought of Hobbes.= 1. The premature birth of Hobbes had no inconsiderable influence upon his life. When his mother was carrying him, she had suffered a great fright, at the announcement of the approach of the Spanish Armada. Was it in consequence of this that Hobbes’s life was a series of panics and controversies? He was extremely conservative in politics. He saw the new changes without sympathy with either party, and he had no political ideals――only fear. The time in which he lived reinforced this natural conservatism. When he was translating _Thucydides_, Buckingham was assassinated and the Petition of Rights was presented. Henry IV of France had been assassinated not many years before, and the Puritan element had become a disturbing factor in England. His study and his alliance with the Devonshire family confirmed him in his conservative position. All signs of the time pointed toward decentralization of government, toward war and rebellion. In fear he was “the first that fled” to France at the beginning of the troubles of Charles I; in fear he fled back to London eleven years later, lest the Roman Catholics, whom his _Leviathan_ had offended, should murder him. Hobbes was again in great panic over the London fire and looked upon it as a divine penalty, on account of the impurity of the English court. Hobbes was always in fright lest he might not have peace.