14. How did a French king endeavor to deal with this difficulty, and with what result? 15. What important event took place in 1618? 16. Give the general points in the regulations of 1686. 17. What additional regulations were made by Louis XVI? 18. What happened in 1789, and what was the result? 19. What are some of the differences between the product of a print shop and that of the ordinary factory? 20. What were some of the problems arising out of this difference? 21. What was the 15th century substitute for copyright and patents? Describe it. 22. What did trades do to protect themselves if they could not get the form of protection just described? 23. Why did the printer especially need some kind of protection? 24. Discuss briefly under four heads the system of protection in use in Venice. 25. What were the practical defects of this system? 26. What kind of books were printed in Germany for the first fifty years? 27. What evil practice did Fust begin, and why did he think it was right? 28. Was there a profession of authorship, and why? 29. How did Germany undertake to protect printers? 30. Give a brief sketch of the political organization of Germany in the 15th century. 31. What effect did this have on the protection of printers? 32. What did the printers do about it? 33. What did printers’ privileges cover in Germany? 34. How did France deal with the question of printers’ privileges, and what were some of the peculiarities of French law? 35. What moral and political danger was perceived shortly after the invention of printing? 36. How was it dealt with by church and state? 37. What action was taken by Pope Innocent VIII? 38. What was the result in Venice? 39. What had the Inquisition to do with printing? 40. What is the Index Expurgatorius? Why was it drawn up? 41. What were the general lines of legislation in Venice regarding censorship? 42. What was done in 1549, and why? 43. What was the purpose of the guild of printers and booksellers? 44. What were the requirements in 1671 for the publishing of a book in Venice? 45. How did censorship work in Germany, and why? 46. What was the result of Pope Innocent’s action in France? 47. By whom was censorship exercised in France? 48. What was the result of this system, and how was it improved? 49. Give some features of the press laws of France, and state the penalties. 50. What was the effect of this legislation, and how were the worst effects avoided? 51. What was the end of it all? 52. How did authorship come to be recognized as a profession? 53. How did the idea arise that the author had the right to control his work? 54. What was the early German idea of copyright as illustrated by the experiences of Luther?