(3) All of the men walked. (3) All of the men were those who walked. (4) The robbers cut a hole (4) All the robbers were the ones who in this floor. cut a hole in this floor. (5) Some of these flew away. (5) Some birds were those which flew away. (6) The rain interfered with (6) The rain was that which interfered the attendance. with the attendance. (7) Our habits make or (7) All our habits are forces which unmake us. make or unmake us. (8) We all had a fine time. (8) All the party were those who had a fine time. In argumentative discourse it is often sufficient to “think the proposition” in terms of the four elements without taking the time to actually express it. =4. LOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT AND PREDICATE DISTINGUISHED.= The grammatical subject is _one_ word while the logical subject is the grammatical subject with all its modifiers except the quantity sign. For example: in the proposition, “All white men are Caucasians,” _men_ is the grammatical subject, while _white men_ is the logical subject. _All_ being the quantity sign simply indicates the extension of _men_ and is not a part of the logical subject. The grammatical predicate is the verb-form together with any predicate noun or adjective, while the logical predicate is the predicate word or words and all its modifiers. The grammatical predicate includes the copula, but the logical predicate never includes the copula. The grammatical predicate does not include the object, while the logical predicate always includes what is equivalent to the object and all its modifiers. To illustrate: in the proposition, “Some men are wise,” _are wise_ is the grammatical predicate, while _wise_ is the logical predicate. And in the proposition, “He burned the red house on the hill,” _burned_ is the grammatical predicate, while _the one who burned the red house on the hill_ is the logical predicate. =5. THE FOUR KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS.= Categorical propositions are divided according to their _quantity_ into _Universal_ and _Particular_ and according to their _quality_ into _Affirmative_ and _Negative_. _A universal proposition is one in which the predicate refers to the whole of the logical subject._ ILLUSTRATIONS: (1) All men are mortal. (2) All civilized men cook their food. (3) No dogs are immortal. (4) Every man was once a boy. Considering the first proposition, “_mortal_,” the logical predicate, refers to the whole of the logical subject “_men_.” Similarly “_cook their food_” refers to the whole of the term “_civilized men_”; “_immortal_” to the whole of the term “_dogs_,” and “_once a boy_” to the whole of the term “_man_.”