=Development Determined by the Church=.—The Church and its beliefs were responsible for this singular yet not illogical development. Considering the peculiar monastic conditions, the evolution could not be expected to occur along lines which it would have taken had it been developed among the people and under the influence of the Folk-song. The learning of these monks was largely in church lore, and this, with a desire for a peculiar church music, led to the _discarding_ of the natural and vivacious _melodies_ and _rhythms_ of the _people_, for the scientific and ascetic music and discipline of monastic religion. The one great advantage of this period to modern music was the constant association with the principal intervals of the scale; an association which may be partially responsible for our modern Tonic and Dominant harmonies. On the whole, this period represents the marking out of the lines of musical development for the eight centuries following, though the men responsible for this beginning could hardly have known or appreciated the impetus which was to be given polyphonic music by the invention of their simple devices to accommodate voices of different compass and to secure concerted singing. REFERENCES. Oxford History of Music, Vol. I. Naumann.—History of Music, Vol. I. Grove.—Dictionary of Music and Musicians, articles on Harmony, Schools of Composition, and Organum. Hope.—Mediæval Music. Williams.—Music of the Ancient Greeks. Hymn to Apollo. (Note small compass of the melody.) Rowbotham.—History of Music. Chapter on “Music in the Monasteries.” Dickinson.—History of Music in the Western Church. Parry.—Evolution of the Art of Music, Chapter IV. QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. What is meant by Monophony? Polyphony? Make an analogy between Polyphonic music and Architecture. Contrast Polyphony and Monophony by the use of lines. What was the nature of the researches in music before 1000 A. D.? How did the Greek magadizing influence musical development? What is Organum? Secular Organum? Who were the prominent musicians of this period? How did the Church influence musical development? The teacher or one of the pupils may give a summary of the Gothic style of architecture. Another pupil may give the most noted historical events coinciding with this period; also historical characters. Scholarship was cherished principally in the Church and in the monasteries, hence the predominance of Churchmen in the early history of music. Hucbald lived during the time of Alfred the Great; Guido died 16 years before the battle of Hastings (1066). A useful device in fixing the details of a lesson is for the teacher to arrange that the pupils shall question him, the questions to be of such a nature as to show that they know the lesson thoroughly. LESSON IX. THE PARIS SCHOOL.