The effects produced by Rousseau’s educational romance, “Émile,” upon the modern pedagogic world it would be difficult to exaggerate. The times were ripe for a revolt, and close upon the radical criticism of existing methods to which this theorist gave such convincing expression followed the actual reforms inaugurated by Basedow, Pestalozzi, and other innovators. It will be sufficient here to mention only a single phase of the education which this disciple of Locke would give to his imaginary hero. “The body,” says Rousseau[11] in Book I, “must needs be vigorous in order to obey the soul: a good servant ought to be robust.... The weaker the body, the more it commands; the stronger it is, the better it obeys.” Upon the subject of sleep, cold bathing, and the clothing suitable for young children his views are those of Locke. [Illustration: FIG. 8.—Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).] In Book II we read: “If ... you would cultivate the intelligence of your pupil, cultivate the power which it is to govern. Give his body continual exercise; make him robust and sound in order to make him wise and reasonable; let him work, and move about, and run, and shout, and be continually in motion; let him be a man in vigor, and soon he will be such by force of reason.... It is a very deplorable error to imagine that the exercise of the body is injurious to the operations of the mind; as if these two activities were not to proceed in concert, and the second were not always to direct the first!... These continual exercises, thus left wholly to the direction of Nature, not only do not brutalize the mind while fortifying the body, but on the contrary they form within us the only species of reason of which childhood is susceptible, and the most necessary at any and all periods of life. They teach us thoroughly to understand the use of our powers, the relations between our own bodies and surrounding bodies, and the use of the natural instruments which are within our reach and which are adapted to our organs.... In order to learn to think, we must ... exercise our limbs, our senses, and our organs, which are the instruments of our intelligence; and in order to derive all the advantage possible from these instruments, it is necessary that the body which furnishes them should be robust and sound. Thus, so far is it from being true that the reason of man is formed independently of the body, it is the happy constitution of the body which renders the operations of the mind facile and sure....