Instruction is the second duty upon which the Physiocrats lay special stress. “Universal education,” says Baudeau, “is the first and only social tie.” Quesnay is specially anxious for instruction on the “natural order,” and the means of becoming acquainted with it. Further, the only guarantee against personal despotism lies in well-diffused instruction and an educated public opinion. If public opinion, as Quesnay said, is to lead, it should be enlightened. Public works are also mentioned. A wise landlord has good roads on his property, for good roads and canals improve it. These represent a species of _avances foncières_, similar to those undertaken by proprietors. This is by no means all.[91] There are a number of duties recognised as belonging to the State, of which every economist of the Liberal school up to Bastiat and M. de Molinari approves. We will add one other trait. Like the Liberal school, the Physiocrats were whole-hearted “internationalists.” In this respect they differ from their prototypes, the Chinese. They believed that all class distinctions and all international barriers ought to be removed in the interest of political development, as well as in that of scientific study.[92] The peace advocates of to-day would do well to make the acquaintance of their illustrious predecessors. III: TAXATION The bulk of the Physiocratic system is taken up with the exposition of a theory of taxation, which really forms one of the most characteristic portions of their work. Though inextricably bound up with the theory of the net product and with the conception of landed proprietorship, curiously enough, it has survived the rest of their doctrine, and quite recently has been given a new lease of life. In the table showing the distribution of the national income three participators only are mentioned—the landed proprietor, the farmer, and the artisan. But there is also a fourth—the Physiocratic sovereign, who is none other than the State itself, and who thoroughly deserves a share. This benevolent despot, whose duties we have just mentioned, cannot be very exacting, for, having little to do, his demands must be moderate. In addition to his double mission of maintaining security and giving instruction, he must also contribute towards increasing the productivity of the land by establishing public works, making roads, etc.[93] Money is required for all this, and the Physiocrats argued that taxes ought to be paid liberally,[94] and not grudgingly, as is too often the case under a parliamentary _régime_. Where is this money to come from?