In a small pamphlet printed at Cassel in 1707,[29] Papin describes a new form of engine, in which he discards the original plan of a modified Huyghens engine, with tight-fitting piston and cylinder, raising its load by indirect action, and makes a modified Savery engine, which he calls the "Elector's Engine," in honor of his patron. This is the engine shown in the engraving, and as proposed to be used by him in turning a water-wheel. [29] "Nouvelle manière d'élever l'Eau par la Force du Feu, mis en Lumière," par D. Papin. Cassel, 1707. The sketch is that given by the inventor in his memoir. It consists (Fig. 18) of a steam-boiler, _a_, from which steam is led through the cock, _c_, to the working cylinder, _n n_. The water beneath the floating-piston, _h_, which latter serves simply as a cushion to protect the steam from sudden condensation or contact with the water, is forced into the vessel _r r_, which is a large air-chamber, and which serves to render the outflow of water comparatively uniform, and the discharge occurs by means of the pipe _q_, from which the water rises to the desired height. A fresh supply of water is introduced through the funnel _k_, after condensation of the steam in _n n_, and the operation of expulsion is repeated. [Illustration: FIG. 18.--Papin's Engine and Water-Wheel, A. D. 1707.] This machine is evidently a retrogression, and Papin, after having earned the honor of having invented the first steam-engine of the typical form which has since become so universally applied, forfeited that credit by his evident ignorance of its superiority over existing devices, and by attempting unsuccessfully to perfect the inferior device of another inventor. Subsequently, Papin made an attempt to apply the steam-engine to the propulsion of vessels, the account of which will be given in the chapter on Steam-Navigation. Again disappointed, Papin once more visited England, to renew his acquaintance with the _savans_ of the Royal Society; but Boyle had died during the period which Papin had spent in Germany, and the unhappy and disheartened inventor and philosopher died in 1810, without having seen any one of his many devices and ingenious inventions a practical success. [Illustration] CHAPTER II. _THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A TRAIN OF MECHANISM._ "The introduction of new Inventions seemeth to be the very chief of all human Actions. The Benefits of new Inventions may extend to all Mankind universally; but the Good of political Achievements can respect but some particular Cantons of Men; these latter do not endure above a few Ages, the former forever. Inventions make all Men happy, without either Injury or Damage to any one single Person. Furthermore, new Inventions are, as it were, new Erections and Imitations of God's own Works."--BACON. THE MODERN TYPE, AS DEVELOPED BY NEWCOMEN, BEIGHTON, AND SMEATON.