=Safed=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Believed by Jews Messiah will make city his capital. Scene of siege of Holophernes and murder of Judith. Bp. of Tobias. Castle f. by Christians, 1140; taken by Saladin, 1189; destroyed by Sultan of Damascus, 1220; rebuilt by Templars, 1240; destroyed by Bibars of Egypt, 1266. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.') =Sagandari=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Madhu Sudan Datta, writer of 'Meghanad-Badh' and 'Krishna Kumari.' =Saigon=, Cochin-China. 11N. 107E. Captured by French, 1858. (See Little's 'Far East.') =St. Thomé=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Suburb of Madras; scene of victory of French under Paradis over Maphuz Khan, 1746. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.') =Salem=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Seized by British, 1768; ceded to British by treaty of Seringapatam, 1792. =Samana=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192; by Banda Bairagi, 1708. =Samaria=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Omri, 912 B.C.; captured by Sargon, 722 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 203 B.C.; by John Hyrcanus, 120 B.C.; given by Augustus to Herod the Great. =Samarkand=, Turkestan. 40N. 67E. Bp. of Nidhami-i-Arudi, author of 'Chahar Maqala.' Ancient city destroyed by Alexander the Great, 329 B.C.; conquered by Kotaiba ibn Moslim, 711; by Genghis Khan, 1220; by Amir of Bokhara, 1504; by Russians, 1868. Contains mosque of Shah-Zindeh, and tomb of Tamerlane. Bp. of Aboul-Mansour-Matoudiri. (See 'Travels of Marco Polo.') =Sambhal=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Bp. of Amir Khan. =Samiaveram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Occupied by Clive, 1752. =Samsat=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 39E. Bp. of Bishop Paul of Samosata and of Lucian. =Sana=, Arabia. 15N. 45E. Capital of Yemen, captured by Turks, 1872. =San-de-pu=, Manchuria. 42N. 123E. Unsuccessfully attacked by Russians under General Grippenberg, 1904. =Sanjan=, Bombay. 20N. 73E. Visited by Polish scholar, Hove, 1787. Taken by Portuguese, 1534. =Sante Bennur=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas, 1791. =Santipur=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Res. of Chaitanya, and bp. of Adyaita. =Sarafand=, Syria. 33N. 35E. Ancient city, known in the Bible as Zareptath. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book.') =Sardhana=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Celebrated as res. of Begam Sumru. =Sardis=, Asia Minor. 39N. 28E. Occupied by Cyrus, 548 B.C.; burned by Ionians, c. 409 B.C.; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1402. Mentioned by Æschylus and Herodotus; res. of Xerxes; contains ruins of temple of Cybele and tomb of Alyattes. =Sasseram= ('one thousand toys'), Bengal. 25N. 84E. Contains tombs of Sher Shah and his father. =Satyamangalam=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by Hyder Ali, 1768; by Tippoo Sahib, 1790. =Savandurga=, Madras. 13N. 77E. Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. =Selefke=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 34E. F. by Seleucus Nicator; bp. of Xenarchus.