=Singapore=, Malay Peninsula. 1N. 104E. F. by Sir Stamford Raffles, 1819; ceded to British by Sultan of Johore, =1824=. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.') =Singarh= ('lion's fort'), Bombay. 18N. 74E. Taken by Sivaji, 1647; by Tanaji Malusre, 1670; by British, 1818. =Singi=, Bengal. 28N. 81E. Bp. of Kasiram Das, translator into Bengali of 'Mahabharata.' (See R. C. Dutt's 'Lit. of Bengal.') =Sinhur=, Rajputana. 23N. 77E. Jaswaut Rao here attacked Captain Jean Baptiste Filose, 1814. =Sinope=, Asia Minor. 42N. 35E. F. by Ionians of Miletus, 630 B.C.; unsuccessfully attacked by Mithradates IV., 220 B.C.; captured by Pharnaces, 183 B.C.; by Lucullus, 70 B.C.; fleet and town partially destroyed by Russians, 1853. Bp. of Diogenes. =Sira=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Taken by Mahrattas, 1757; by Hyder Ali; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1766; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774. =Sirhind=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Sarang Khan overcome by Khizr Khan, 1420; Bazid Khan killed by Banda Bairagi, 1708. =Sivas=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 37E. Destroyed by Tamerlane, 1400. =Skutari=, Asia Minor. 41N. 29E. Scene of Florence Nightingale's activities during Crimean War, 1854-6; destroyed by fire, 1872. =Smyrna=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Ancient city celebrated by Pindar, Aristides, and Himerius, containing famous relics of Homer. Destroyed by Alyattes, c. 575 B.C.; rebuilt by Antigonus and Lysimachus, but suffered from earthquake, 179; seized by Turks, 1084; conquered by Aidin, c. 1330; by Tamerlane, 1402. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Montesquieu's 'Lettres Persanes.') =Sohar=, Arabia. 24N. 57E. Visited by Marco Polo and Ibn Batatu. Occupied by Portuguese, 1508. =Somnath=, Bombay. 21N. 70E. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1025. Alleged place in which Krishna died. =Sopara=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Sacred place of Buddha, and mentioned in the 'Mahabharata.' =Su-Chau=, China. 31N. 121E. F. c. 500 B.C.; captured by Taiping rebels, 1860; became treaty-port, 1896. =Sukkur=, Sind. 28N. 69E. Talpurs defeated by Shah Shuja, 1833; British possession, 1842. =Sur= ('rock'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Ancient Tyre. Besieged by Nebuchadnezzar II., 572 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 332 B.C.; captured by Crusaders, 1124; destroyed by Malik al-Ashraf, 1291; suffered from earthquake, 1837. (See Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.') =Surat=, Bombay. 21N. 73E. Overcome by Akbar, 1572; British settlement, 1612; under British rule, 1800. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.') =Susa=, Persia. 32N. 48E. Capital of Elamite kingdom, c. 2280 B.C.; conquered by Assyrians, 645 B.C. Contains tomb alleged to be of Daniel.