The regular curved spring is in form generally two-thirds of a circle, one end of which is lengthened out into a tangent, which serves as a base to fix it by in an upright position; the body is suspended from the other extremity by means of leathern braces. Its general figure has caused it to acquire the technical name of C spring. (See Fig. 25.) The combination known as “telegraph spring” consists of eight straight springs, when used for a four-wheeled carriage, and four springs for a two-wheeled carriage. The Stanhope is suspended on four of these springs. Two springs are fixed longitudinally on the framework, and two transverse ones are suspended from these by shackles, and on these latter the weight rests. They will bear a great weight, and the body has the advantage of being placed two removes from the concussion. [Illustration: Fig. 27.] Fig. 27 shows some varieties of springs. _a_ Has semi-elliptical springs, hung upon the ends of C springs attached to the axles. _b_ Has the usual elliptical springs between the bolster and axle. _c_ Has elastic wooden springs, which connect the axles and support the beds. _d_ Has some elliptical springs, which also couple the axles A and B. _e_ Has a bolster hung upon C springs. _f_ Is a system of curved springs, with three points of connection to the bed and two to the axles. WEIGHT OF ELLIPTIC SPRINGS. 1¼ × 3 × 36 inch, weight about 28 lbs. per pair. 1¼ × 4 × 36 „ „ 34 „ „ 1¼ × 4 × 38 „ „ 36 „ „ 1½ × 3 × 36 „ „ 37 „ „ 1½ × 4 × 36 „ „ 41 „ „ 1½ × 4 × 38 „ „ 45 „ „ 1½ × 5 × 36 „ „ 48 „ „ 1½ × 5 × 38 „ „ 51 „ „ 1½ × 5 × 40 „ „ 54 „ „ 1¾ × 4 × 36 „ „ 49 „ „ 1¾ × 4 × 38 „ „ 52 „ „ 1¾ × 4 × 40 „ „ 55 „ „ 1¾ × 5 × 36 „ „ 56 „ „ 1¾ × 5 × 38 „ „ 60 „ „ 1¾ × 5 × 40 „ „ 64 „ „ 1¾ × 6 × 36 „ „ 64 „ „ 1¾ × 6 × 38 „ „ 68 „ „ 1¾ × 6 × 40 „ „ 73 „ „ 2 × 4 × 36 „ „ 58 „ „ 2 × 4 × 38 „ „ 62 „ „ 2 × 4 × 40 „ „ 65 „ „ 2 × 5 × 36 „ „ 63 „ „ 2 × 5 × 38 „ „ 67 „ „ 2 × 5 × 40 „ „ 72 „ „ 2 × 6 × 36 „ „ 75 „ „ 2 × 6 × 38 „ „ 78 „ „ 2 × 6 × 40 „ „ 85 „ „ FOOTNOTES: [1] It is the plates that are tempered and hardened, not the _spring_. CHAPTER IX. WHEEL-PLATES AND FORE-CARRIAGES. The following is given in the “Coachmaker’s Handbook” under the heading of “Short and Easy Turning:”—