577. Battle of Deorham. Wales separated from Cornwall. 613. Battle of Chester. Wales separated from Cumbria. I. THE WALES OF THE PRINCES Isolated after the battles of Deorham and Chester, mediæval Wales begins to make its own history. The House of Cunedda represents unity, the other princes represent independence. English, Danish, Norman attacks from without. 1. 613–1063. _The struggle between the Welsh princes and the English provincial kings_. From the battle of Chester to the fall of Griffith ap Llywelyn. (_a_) Between Wales and Northumbria, 613–700; for the sovereignty of the north. Cadwallon, Cadwaladr v. Edwin, Oswald, Oswiu. (_b_) Between Wales and Mercia, 700–815; for the valley of the Severn. Rhodri Molwynog and his sons v. Ethelbald and Offa. (_c_) Between Wales and the Danes, 815–1000. Rhodri the Great and Howel the Good. (_d_) Between Wales and Wessex, 1000–1063; for political influence. Griffith ap Llywelyn v. Harold. 2. 1063–1284. _The struggle between the Welsh princes and the central English kings_. (_a_) 1066–1137. _The Norman Conquest_. Norman barons v. Griffith ap Conan and Griffith ap Rees. 1063. Bleddyn of Powys tries to unite Wales. 1070. William the Conqueror at Chester. Advance of Norman barons from Chester, Shrewsbury, Hereford, Gloucester. 1075. Death of Bleddyn; succeeded by Trahaiarn. 1077. Battle of Mynydd Carn. Restoration of House of Cunedda—Griffith ap Conan in the north; Rees, followed by his son Griffith, in the south. 1094. Norman castles dominate Powys, Gwent, Morgannwg, and Dyved. Gwynedd and Deheubarth threatened. 1137. Death of Griffith ap Conan and Griffith ap Rees, after setting bounds to the Norman Conquest. (_b_) 1137–1197. _The struggle against Henry II. and his sons_. 1137. The accession of Owen Gwynedd and of the Lord Rees of the Deheubarth. 1157. Henry II. interferes in the quarrel of Owen and Cadwaladr. 1564. The Cistercians at Strata Florida. 1164. Meeting of Owen Gwynedd, the Lord Rees, and Owen Cyveiliog at Corwen, to oppose Henry II. 1170. Death of Owen Gwynedd. 1188. Preaching of the Crusades in Wales. 1189.