=Joseph, Gustav.= Zur Morphologie des Geschmacksorganes bei Inseckten. (Amtlicher Bericht der 50 Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher u. Artzte in München. 1877, pp. 227, 228.) =Dimmock, George.= The anatomy of the mouth-parts and of the sucking apparatus of some Diptera, 1881. (Also in Psyche, iii, pp. 231–241, Pl. 1, 1882.) =Packard, A. S.= On the epipharynx of the Panorpidæ. (Psyche, 1889, v, pp. 159–164.) —— Notes on the epipharynx and the epipharyngeal organs of taste in mandibulate insects. (Psyche, v, pp. 193–199, 222–228, 1889.) =Attachment of the head to the trunk.=—The head is either firmly supported by the broad prothoracic segment in Orthoptera, many beetles, etc., into which it is more or less retracted, or it is free and attached by a slender neck, easily turning on the trunk, as in dragon-flies, flies, etc. In some insects there are several chitinous plates, situated on an island in the membrane on the under side of the neck; these are the “cervical sclerites” of Sharp, occurring “in Hymenoptera, in many Coleoptera, and in Blattidæ.” =The basal or gular region of the head.=—At the hinder part of the head is the opening (occipital foramen) into the trunk. The cheek (gena) is the side of the head, and to its inner wall is attached the mandibular muscle; it thus forms the region behind the eye and over the base of the mandibles. In the Termitidæ, where the head is broad and flat, it forms a distinct piece on the under side of the head bounding the gulo-mental region (Fig. 28). In the Neuroptera (Corydalus, Fig. 29, and Mantispa, Fig. 30) it is less definitely outlined. [Illustration: FIG. 29.—Head of _Corydalus cornutus_, ♂: _A_, from above. _B_, from beneath. _C_, from the side. _a. cly_, clypeus anterior; _p. cly_, clypeus posterior; _lbr_, labrum; _md_, mandible; _mx_, base of first maxilla; _mp_, its palpus; _m_, mentum; _sm_, submentum; _plpr_, palpifer; _lig_, fused second maxillæ; _ant_, antenna; _occ_, occiput. ] [Illustration: FIG. 28.—Head of _Termopsis angusticollis_, seen from beneath, showing the gena and gula: _m_, mentum; _sm_, submentum; _labr_, under side of the labrum; _x_, hypopharyngeal chitinous support. ]