[7] Monro's translation. In his criticism of this work, _Contemporary Review_, 1867, Dr. Hayman does not appear to be aware of the really sound and subtile observations on which the reasoning of Lucretius, though erroneous, sometimes rests. [8] _History of the Intellectual Development of Europe_, p. 295. [9] _History of the Inductive Sciences_, vol. i. [10] Depicted with terrible vividness in _Renan's Antichrist_. [11] _Intellectual Development of Europe_, p. 359. [12] Lange, 2nd edit. pp. 181, 182. [13] See Huxley's admirable Essay on Descartes. _Lay Sermons_, pp. 864, 365. [14] Boyle's model of the universe was the Strasburg clock with an outside Artificer. Goethe, on the other hand, sang 'Ihm ziemt's die Welt im Innern zu bewegen, Natur in sich, sich in Natur zu hegen.' See also Carlyle, _Past and Present_, Chap. V. [15] Only to some; for there are dignitaries who even now speak of the earth's rocky crust as so much building material prepared for man at the Creation. Surely it is time that this loose language should cease. [16] _Zoonomia_, vol. i. pp. 500-510. [17] In 1855 Mr. Herbert Spencer (Principles of Psychology, 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 465) expressed 'the belief that life under all its forms has arisen by an unbroken evolution, and through the instrumentality of what are called natural causes.' [18] The behaviour of Mr. Wallace in relation to this subject has been dignified in the highest desgree. [19] The first step only towards experimental demonstration has been taken. Experiments now begun might, a couple of centuries hence, furnish data of incalculable value, which ought to be supplied to the science of the future. [20] Bruno was a 'Pantheist,' not an 'Atheist' or a 'Materialist.' [21] _Examination of Hamilton_, p. 154. [22] _Bestimmung des Menschen_. [23] In a paper, at once popular and profound, entitled _Recent Progress in the Theory of Vision_, contained in the volume of Lectures by Helmholtz, published by Longmans, this symbolism of our states of consciousness is also dwelt upon. The impressions of sense are the mere signs of external things. In this paper Helmholtz contends strongly against the view that the consciousness of space is inborn; and he evidently doubts the power of the chick to pick up grains of corn without preliminary lessons. On this point, he says, further experiments are needed. Such experiments have been since made by Mr. Spalding, aided, I believe, in some of his observations by the accomplished and deeply lamented Lady Amberly; and they seem to prove conclusively that the chick does not need a single moment's tuition to enable it to stand, run, govern the muscles of its eyes, and to peck. Helmholtz, however, is contending against the notion of pre-established harmony; and I am not aware of his views as to the organisation of experiences of race or breed. [24] Proœmium to 'Gott und Welt.' [25] Tintern Abbey.