An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
21.2 There is one essential event which each percipient
discriminates, namely that event of which each part, contained within
each successive duration that assumes for him the character of the
duration now-present, correspondingly assumes for him the character of
the event here-present. This event is the life of that organism which
links the percipient's awareness to external nature.
21.3 The thesis of this chapter can finally be summarised as
follows: There is a structure of events and this structure provides the
framework of the externality of nature within which objects are located.
Any percept which does not find its position within this structure is
not for us a percept of external nature, though it may find its
explanation from external events as being derived from them. The
character of the structure receives its exposition from the quantitative
and qualitative relations of space and time. Space and time are
abstractions expressive of certain qualities of the structure. This
space-time abstraction is not unique, so that many space-time
abstractions are possible, each with its own specific relation to
nature. The particular space-time abstraction proper to a particular
observant mind depends on the character of the percipient event which is
the medium relating that mind to the whole of nature. In a space-time
abstraction, time expresses certain qualities of the passage of nature.
This passage has also been called the creative advance of nature. But
this passage is not adequately expressed by any one time-system. The
whole set of time-systems derived from the whole set of space-time
abstractions expresses the totality of those properties of the creative
advance which are capable of being rendered explicit in thought. Thus no
single duration can be completely concrete in the sense of representing
a possible whole of all nature without omission. For a duration is
essentially related to one space-time system and thus omits those
aspects of the passage which find expression in other space-time
systems. Accordingly there can be no duration whose bounding moments are
the first and last moments of creation.
Objects are entities recognised as appertaining to events ; they are the
recognita amid events. Events are named after the objects involved in
them and according to how they are involved.
CHAPTER VII
OBJECTS
22. Types of Objects. 22.1 We
have now to consider natural elements which are objects of various
types. There are in fact an indefinite number of such types
corresponding to the types of recognisable permanences in nature of
various grades of subtlety. It is only necessary here to attempt a rough
classification of those which are essential to scientific thought.
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