An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
24.6 The apprehension of an event as the situation of a physical
object is our most complete perception of the character of an event. It
represents a fundamental perception of a primary law of nature. It is
solely by means of physical objects that our knowledge of events as
active conditions is obtained, whether as generating conditions or as
transmitting conditions. For example, the mirror is recognised as a
physical object and its situation is the generating condition for that
association of sense-objects; but its situation is also a transmitting
condition for the sense-objects and delusive perceptual objects which
are perceived as images behind it. Again, the prism is a physical object
and its situation is a transmitting condition for the sense-object which
is the spectrum.
So far as it is directly perceived in its various situations, a physical
object is a group of associations of sense-objects, each association
being perceived or perceivable by a percipient object with an
appropriate percipient event as its locus. But the object is more than
the logical group; it is the recognisable permanent character of its
various situations.
24.7 In spite of their insistence in perception these physical
objects are infected with an incurable vagueness which had led
speculative physics practically to cut them out of its scheme of
fundamental entities. In the first place this vagueness arises from the
unique situation of such an object within any small duration. The result
is that the object is confounded with the event which is its situation.
But a situation is prolonged in time, and a temporal part of that event
is not the event itself. Now the object during ten seconds is not part
of the object during one of these seconds. The object is always wholly
itself during ten seconds or during one second. It is this train of
thought which led to the introduction of the durationless instant of
time as a fundamental fact, thus fatally confusing the philosophy of
science. The error arose from not discriminating the object from its
situation. The train of events which is the situation of the object
through a prolonged stretch of time is not the unique object; it is the
set of events with which the object has its unique association. The
difficulty of this point of view arises from the fact that a temporal
succession of events, each very similar to the others, ceases to mark
for us the time-flux in comparison with the rhythmic changes of our
bodies. The result is that in perceiving an unchanging cliff the
recognition of permanence, i.e. of the object, overwhelms all other
perception, the flux of events becoming a vague background owing to the
absence of their demarcation in our perceptual experience.
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