6th. The electricity of the kite is generally stronger or weaker, according as the string is longer or shorter; but it does not keep any exact proportion to it; the electricity, for instance, brought down from a string of an hundred yards, may raise the index of an electrometer to 20°, when with double the length of string, the index of an electrometer will not go higher than 25°. 7th. When the weather is damp, and the electricity pretty strong, the index of an electrometer, after taking a spark from the string, or being presented to the knob of a coated phial, rises surprisingly quick to its former place; but in dry and warm weather it rises exceedingly slowly. CHAP. XV. _The structure and use of lightning rods._ Since the discovery of the identity of lightning and the electric matter, long rods of iron, or other metals, have been made use of, with a view to protect buildings from the effects of lightning. This is the most practical and important part of our whole subject, and deserves to be treated with the utmost attention. Iron and copper are the metals which, on account of their conducting power, their cheapness, and the quantity required for a lightning rod, are principally used. Copper is preferable to iron. Care should be taken that the rod be not less than half an inch in diameter. It is best to have it, if possible, of one continued piece. If this be not practicable, the pieces should be screwed into each other; or at least so constructed that the rust will not separate the perfect metal of one piece from that of another; because metallic rust is almost a non-conductor of electricity. The rod should be fastened to the house by wooden cramps or staples, rather than by those of metals of any kind; because wood is neither so good a conductor of electricity, nor so likely to promote the rust of the metal which it touches. The rod should be raised above the top of the building or chimney to which it is attached, at least five or six feet. The point or points should be made very sharp, and for a few inches should taper off in the form of a pyramid, having all the corners or edges sharp. It is not of much importance whether there be, or be not, more points than one. If the means afterwards to be mentioned be not used to preserve the points from rust, it may be of use to gild them; and the gilding should extend downwards a foot or more. It is better to paint the point of a rod, than to leave it wholly unprotected against rust. The lower end of the rod should be driven or sunk at least five or six feet into the ground, and in a direction from the building. If it can be connected with the water of a spring, a well, or a cistern, it will be so much the better. At powder-mills, arsenals, and all depots of inflammable materials, it is better to attach the rod to a post, raised for the purpose, a foot or two from the building, than to the building itself.