_Stomach._—After the preparation which the aliment has undergone in the mouth,—the extent of which varies immensely in different forms, being reduced almost to nothing in such animals as the Seals and Cetaceans, which, to use the familiar expression, “bolt” their food entire, and most fully carried out in the Ruminants, which “chew the cud,”—it is swallowed, and carried along the œsophagus by the action of its muscular coats into the stomach. In the greater number of mammals this organ is a simple saccular dilatation of the alimentary canal, as in Figs. 20, 21, but in others it undergoes remarkable modifications and complexities. The lining of the stomach is thickly beset with tubular glands, which are generally considered to belong to two different forms, recognisable by their structure, and different in their function—the most numerous and important secreting the gastric juice (the active agent in stomachic digestion), and hence called “peptic” glands, while the others are concerned only in the elaboration of mucus. The relative distribution of these glands in different regions of the walls of the stomach varies greatly in different animals, and in many species there are large tracts of the mucous membrane which do not secrete a fluid having the properties of gastric juice, but often constitute more or less distinct cavities devoted to storing and perhaps softening or otherwise preparing the food for digestion. Sometimes there is a great aggregation of glands forming distinct thickened patches of the stomach wall, as in the Beaver and Koala, or even collected in pyriform pouches with a common narrow opening into the cavity, as in the Manatee and the curious African Rodent _Lophiomys_. The action of the gastric fluid is mainly exerted upon the nitrogenous elements of the food, which it dissolves and modifies so as to render them capable of undergoing absorption, effected partly by the blood-vessels of the stomach, although the greater part, passes through the pylorus, an aperture surrounded by a circular muscular valve, into the intestinal canal. Here it comes in contact with the secretion of a vast number of small glands called the crypts of Lieberkuhn, somewhat similar to those of the stomach; and also of several special glands of a different character, namely, the small racemose, duodenal, or Brunner’s glands, the pancreas, and the liver; the position of the ducts of the two latter organs being indicated in Fig. 20. [Illustration: FIG. 20.—Stomach and pancreas of the Genet. Posterior or dorsal surface, _œ_, Œsophagus; _s_, pancreas; _pd_, pancreatic duct; _bd_, biliary duct from the liver. (From Mivart, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 305.)]