[194] Pr. "_Confessions_" p. 69 [196]. [195] _Ib._ p. 72 [203]. [196] _Ib._ p. 69 [196]. [197] _Ib._ p. 69 [196]. [198] _Ib._ pp. 69-70 [197]. [199] Pr. "_Confessions_" p. 70 [197-8]. [200] [French dictionaries leave us somewhat in the lurch as to commercial usages which differ from the English. Eltzbacher translates 8, "investment as silent partner"; 12, "balancing accounts."] [201] Pr. "_Banque_" pp. 5-20 [261-77]. [202] Pr. "_Confessions_" p. 72 [202-3]. [203] Pr. "_Justice_" 1. 509 [2. 128-9]. [204] _Ib._ 1. 510 [2. 129]. [205] Pr. "_Idee_" pp. 196-7 [181]. [206] _Ib._ p. 197 [181]. [207] _Ib._ p. 277 [253]. [208] _Ib._ pp. 195, 197 [180-81]. CHAPTER V STIRNER'S TEACHING 1.--GENERAL 1. Johann Kaspar Schmidt was born in 1806, at Bayreuth in Bavaria. He studied philosophy and theology at Berlin from 1826 to 1828, at Erlangen from 1828 to 1829. In 1829 he interrupted his studies, made a prolonged tour through Germany, and then lived alternately at Koenigsberg and Kulm till 1832. From 1832 to 1834 he studied at Berlin again; in 1835 he passed his tests there as _Gymnasiallehrer_. He received no government appointment, however, and in 1839 became teacher in a young ladies' seminary in Berlin. He gave up this place in 1844, but continued to live in Berlin, and died there in 1856. In part under the pseudonym Max Stirner, in part anonymously, Schmidt published a small number of works, mostly of a philosophical nature. 2. Stirner's teaching about law, the State, and property is contained chiefly in his book "_Der Einzige und sein Eigentum_" (1845). --But here arises the question, Can we speak of such a thing as a "teaching" of Stirner's? Stirner recognizes no _ought_. "Men are such as they should be--can be. What should they be? Surely not more than they can be! And what can they be? Not more, again, than they--can, _i. e._ than they have the ability, the strength, to be."[209] "A man is 'called' to nothing, and has no 'proper business,' no 'function,' as little as a plant or beast has a 'vocation.' He has not a vocation; but he has powers, which express themselves where they are, because their being consists only in their expression, and which can remain idle as little as life, which would no longer be life if it 'stood still' but for a second. Now one might cry to man, 'Use your power.' But this imperative would be given the meaning that it was man's proper business to use his power. It is not so. Rather, every one really does use his power, without first regarding this as his vocation; every one uses in every moment as much power as he possesses."[210]