Three or four more ordinary examples chosen at random from provincial municipalities may show the diffusion of town-planning in the western Roman world. One example, from the borders of Italy, may be found just outside the pleasant town of Laibach in southern Austria. Here Augustus in 34 B.C. planted a 'Colonia Iulia Augusta Emona', and recent work of Dr. W. Schmid has thrown much light on its character. The colony was in outline a rectangle of nearly 55 acres (480 x 560 yds.), and was divided up into forty-eight blocks by five streets which ran north and south and seven which crossed them at right angles; of these forty-eight blocks some must, of course, have been taken up by public buildings. They varied in size: the largest as yet planned (II in fig. 25) measured 170 x 195 ft., or 3/4 acre; two others measured 163 x 170 ft.; while one block, which contained one large house not unlike the Silchester 'inn', was 112 x 168 ft. (Plan, II), and the block next it was a trifle smaller. None of the dimensions show any trace of the normal 120 or 240 ft. (p. 79). The streets were very broad (37-40 ft.); one, which may be the 'cardo maximus', measured as much as 47 ft. across. Beneath the main streets were sewers, in the usual fashion. Round the whole town stood strong walls, reinforced at regular intervals by square projecting towers; the four corners were not rounded but rectangular, after the fashion of Aosta and Turin (pp. 87, 90).[99] [99] _Correspondenzblatt des Gesamtvereins der deutschen Geschichts und Altertumsvereine_, April 1912; _Bericht vi der römisch-germanischen Kommission_ 1910-11, p. 96. Müllner's _Emona_ (Laibach, 1879), p. 19, plate 2, is wholly inadequate. [Illustration: FIG. 25. A PART OF LAIBACH. (From W. Schmid.)] [Illustration: FIG. 26. LINCOLN, OUTLINE OF ROMAN WALLS. (See p. 118.)] [Illustration: FIG. 27. LINCOLN, BASES OF COLONNADE UNDER BAILGATE. (p. 118).] For a second example turn to a remote corner of central Spain. The town of Numantia was famous in early days for its long struggle with the armies of the Roman Republic. Under Roman rule it was wholly insignificant. Over the débris of Numantine liberty a little Roman town grew up. But it is hardly mentioned save in one or two road-books. Yet it enjoyed some form of municipal status and its streets and houses show to the excavator traces of Roman town-planning. The streets ran parallel or at right angles to one another; the house-blocks measured some 50 yds. square.[100] [100] Schulten, _Abhandlungen der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Kl._, viii. (1905), p. 61, plan 2; the evidence seems adequate though not wholly decisive. The Roman town Emporiae, now Ampurias, in the extreme north-east of Spain, seems to have had a rectangular street-plan, though its Greek predecessor was irregular, _Institut d'estudis catalans, anuari 1908_, p. 185.