To show the instinctive nature of such behaviour, the following examples will suffice. One of a batch of moor-hen chicks showed once, and once only, when a week old, an incipient tendency to bathe in the shallow tin of water which was placed in their run, but soon desisted; nor was the action repeated, though he and the others enjoyed standing in the water. Five weeks later one of the batch was taken to a beck. He walked quietly through the comparatively still water near the edge; but when he reached the part of the stream where it ran swiftly and broke over the pebbles, he stopped, ducked, and took an elaborate bath, dipping his head well under, flicking the water over his back, ruffling his feathers, and behaving in a most characteristic manner. Each day thereafter he did the same, with a vigour that increased up to the third morning, and then remained constant. The same bird some weeks later was swimming in a narrow part of the stream, with steep banks on either side, when he was frightened by a rough-haired pup. Down he dived, for the first time in his life; and after a few seconds his head was seen to appear, just peeping above the water beneath the bank. Ten days after receiving two nestling jays I placed in their cage a shallow tin of water. They took no notice of it, having never seen water before; for they were fed chiefly on sopped food. Presently one of them hopped into it, whether attracted by the water or by accident it is difficult to say, squatted in it bending his legs, and at once fluttered his feathers, as such birds do when they bathe, though his breast scarcely touched the water. The other seized the tin in his bill, and then pecked at the water, thus wetting his beak. He, too, fluttered his feathers in a similar fashion, though he was outside the tin and not in the water at all. A little later the first again entered the tin, and dipped his breast well into the water; this was followed by much fluttering and splashing. The bird took a good bath, as did the other shortly afterwards, and then spent half an hour in a thorough grooming, with much fluttering of the wings, the crest feathers being constantly raised and lowered, expressive of an emotional state.