The siliceous valves of freshwater diatoms constitute the infusorial earths of Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales and New Zealand. The commonest genera met with are _Melosira_, _Navicula_, _Cymbella_ (or _Cocconema_), _Synedra_, _Tabellaria_, _Stauroneis_ and _Gomphonema_. They are, generally speaking, of Pleistocene age, as they are often found filling hollows in the newer basalt flows. In Victoria diatomaceous earths are found at Talbot (See Fig. 42), Sebastopol and Lancefield; in Queensland, at Pine Creek; in New South Wales, at Cooma, Barraba, and the Richmond River; and in New Zealand at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands. In the latter country there is also a marine diatomaceous rock in the Oamaru Series, of Miocene age. COMMON OR CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER. _Girvanella problematica_, Nicholson and Etheridge. Cambrian: S. Australia. _Bythotrephis tenuis_, J. Hall. Silurian: Victoria. _Haliserites Dechenianus_, Göppert sp. Silurian and Devonian: Victoria. _Cordaites australis_, McCoy. Upper Devonian: Victoria. _Lepidodendron australe_, McCoy. Lower Carboniferous: Victoria and Queensland. Up. Devonian: New South Wales. _Rhacopteris inaequilatera_, Göppert sp. Carboniferous: New South Wales. _Glossopteris Browniana_, Brongniart. Carbopermian: New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and W. Australia. _Gangamopteris spatulata_, McCoy. Carbopermian: Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. _Thinnfeldia odontopteroides_, Morris sp. Triassic: New South Wales. Jurassic: Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania. _Cladophlebis denticulata._, Brongn. sp., var. australis, Morris. Jurassic: Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. _Taeniopteris spatulata_, McClelland. Jurassic: Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. (?) _Didymosorus gleichenioides_, Etheridge fil. Upper Cretaceous: Queensland. _Eucalyptus precoriacea_, Deane. Oligocene: Victoria. _Eucalyptus_, _Banksia_, _Cinnamomum_, _Laurus_ and _Fagus_. Miocene: Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. _Spondylostrobus Smythi_, von Mueller. (Fruits and wood). Lower Pliocene: Victoria and Tasmania. _Pteris_ (_Pteridium_) _aquilina_, Linné, and _Banksia_ cf. _marginata_, Cavanilles. Pleistocene: Victoria and South Australia. * * * * * LITERATURE. Girvanella.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, vol. XIII. 1890, pp. 19, 20. Etheridge, R. and Card, G. Geol. Surv. Queensland, Bull. No. 12, 1900, pp. 26, 27, 32. Chapman, F. Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Adelaide Meeting (1907), 1908, p. 337. Devonian Ferns and Cordaites.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vict. Dec. V., 1876, p. 21. Dun, W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. V. pt. 3, 1897, p. 117.