The diamond is universally held to be pure CARBON crystallized. Its high refraction indicated this to Newton long ago; and the proof has since been given twofold: for the diamond scales off and evaporates under intense heat, and its dust has _carbonized_ iron-filings, turning them into steel. Further, this carbon is supposed to be of vegetable origin; and, if so, it would seem to follow that there must have been plants, and perhaps coal-strata, before there could be any diamonds. But _what was the process_ actually carried out in nature? No one has hitherto succeeded in obtaining this gem, answering to the conditions of a “brilliant” in water, lustre, and weight, by any attempted method, from the base of carbon. The French chemists have now, for some years past, been experimenting upon _boron_, by means of the voltaic battery; and they have, it seems, taken out of the crucible sundry small, pale crystals, which are found to be nearly as hard as adamantine spar (a variety of _corundum_); but they cannot show, as the fruit of their labours, a diamond weighing one carat, and worth, according to the tariff, eight pounds sterling in the market of Europe. Indeed, if this boron be a mineral intermediate between carbon and silex, their gems will assuredly partake of the character of rock-crystal, a stone which has no affinity with the diamond whatever. The process of Nature, therefore, being unknown, if indeed it ever took place, the question fairly arises—whether diamond be a derived crystal, or itself an original type of created matter. Or it might be put thus: “If diamond be the purest form of carbon known, what is carbon then but diamond debased?” Neither does this exhaust the argument. The ruby owns a matrix: the pearl grows in the mother-of-pearl. What is the nature of the diamond-rock? Is it a dark conglomerate? or is it diaphanous? We know how diamonds are obtained: how they are picked out of the crevices of certain rocks, and washed out of the sands of certain rivers—in the Carnatic, and Brazil, and Borneo; but we do not seem to be much nearer to the history of their parentage. Again, _what is_ their “crust” or coating with which they are always found enveloped? Is it an integral part of the stone, or is it adventitious? In the best diamonds this crust is of a greenish hue. Some say that while the gem itself has _positive_ electricity, its crust shows _negative_. If this be so, the last question is answered—the crust in that case cannot be an integral part of the stone. The only absolute reason I know of for concluding the diamond to be a _derived_ substance is, that it is laminar. The Eastern lapidaries, as it is well known, will sometimes _divide_ a stone by striking it a sharp blow in the cleavage.