[Illustration: THE NORTH-WESTERN PORTION OF THE NAVE. (Junction of XIIth and XVIth Century work.)] FOOTNOTES: [33] The name Ripon comes probably from the Latin _ripa_, "a river's bank." Bede uses a form "Inrhypum," which arose perhaps out of _in ripis_. The derivation _Uri pons_ has been generally abandoned. [34] The reason of the peculiarity here is the unusual width of the nave. (_See below_, p. 44.) [35] This will be explained in Chapter III. [36] See illustration, p. 17. [37] This was pointed out by Walbran. [38] The Transitional or Transition-Norman work at Ripon probably was not all erected during Roger's lifetime, but all of it will, in these pages, be associated with his name. [39] Upon a modern Chapter seal there is what is possibly meant for a representation of Roger's church, with western towers, three spires, and no aisles. The seal is a reproduction of another of the time of James I., which may have been reproduced from a third of earlier date. [40] For the origin and meaning of this knotwork, so often found in these islands on ancient crosses, and for its value as an illustration of the possible connection of Saxon architecture with the Comacine Guild of Italy, see _The Cathedral Builders_, by Leader Scott, pp. 82-99, and p. 145. [41] This was the case with all the windows of both transepts--in the lower tier at any rate--until the last restoration. The reason why Sir Gilbert Scott has left or renewed the mullions in some of the windows is probably that he did not wish to disturb the memorial glass. [42] The suggestion was made by Mr. Francis Bond. [43] _I.e._, they were probably a Southern Chapel of the choir (_vid. inf._, Ch. III.). It is doubtful whether this earlier choir itself can have had a crypt. [44] By Sir Gilbert Scott. [45] By Walbran. [46] Lady-chapels are usually found at the extreme east end of the choir, unless that position was wanted for the resting-place of a local saint. [47] Walbran favoured 1482; Sir Gilbert Scott the middle of the fourteenth century. [48] See the illustration, p. 2. [49] _The Builder_, February 4th, 1893. [50] This last spire must have been erected after all intention of rebuilding the north and west sides of the tower had been given up, and therefore (perhaps) after the dissolution. The three spires are shown upon the seventeenth century communion plate and in several old prints (see the illustration, p. 32). They were wooden and covered with lead, and are represented as octagonal. The two at the west end are shown without parapets at the base, and all three are without those sloping spurs which so often connect an octagonal spire with the corners of the tower. [51] Dean Waddilove, in his monograph on the Cathedral, mentions that the date 1330 is to be found upon the choir, but he does not say where. Walbran believed the work to have been executed between 1280 and 1297, and is followed by Sir Gilbert Scott.