Books and their makers during the Middle Ages : $b A study of the conditions of the production and distribution of literature from the fall of the Roman Empire to the close of the seventeenth century, Vol. IPutnam, George Haven
History
Books and their makers during the Middle Ages : $b A study of the conditions of the production and distribution of literature from the fall of the Roman Empire to the close of the seventeenth century, Vol. I
Putnam, George Haven
Books -- History -- 400-1450; Copyright; Freedom of the press -- History -- To 1500; Manuscripts; Printers
A number of years later, when, through the monks of Iona and under
the general direction of S. Columba, a number of monasteries had been
founded throughout Scotland, Columba had occasion to plead before the
Parliament of Drumceitt in behalf of the Bards, who might be called the
authors of their time, and with whom the poet monk had a keen personal
sympathy. The Bards of Ireland and Britain were at once the poets, the
genealogists, the historians, and the musicians of their countries, and
their position and their influence constituted a very characteristic
feature of Celtic life in the centuries between 500 and 800.
The Irish nation, always enamoured of its traditions, its fabulous
antiquity, and its local glories, regarded with ardent sympathy the men
who could clothe in a poetic dress all the law and the superstitions of
the past, and who could give literary form and force to the passions
and the interests of the present. The Bards were divided into three
orders: The _Fileas_, who sang of religion and war; the _Brehons_,
whose name is associated with the ancient laws of the country which
they versified and recited; and the _Seanachies_, who enshrined
in verse the national history and antiquities, and, above all, the
genealogies and the prerogatives of the ancient families who were
regarded as especially representative of the national and warlike
passions of the Irish people.[54]
The great influence and power enjoyed by the Bards had naturally
produced not a few abuses, and at the time of the Parliament of
Drumceitt their popularity had suffered and a violent opposition had
been raised against them. They were charged with insolence and with
greed, and they were particularly censured for having made a traffic
and a trade of their poetry, a charge which recalls some of the
criticisms of classic times.
The enmities raised against them had gathered so much force that King
Aedh found himself compelled to propose to the Assembly of Drumceitt
the abolition of the Order and the abandonment, or, as one authority
suggests, the massacre of the Bards. It would appear as if Ireland
had been suffering from an excess of poetic utterances and felt that
some revolutionary methods were required in order to restore to the
land quiet and peace. Montalembert is of opinion that the clergy did
not take any part in the prosecution of a class which they might, not
unnaturally, have regarded as their rivals. The Bards had, however, for
the most part kept in friendly relations with the bishops, monks, and
saints, and each monastery, like each prince and lord, possessed a Bard
(who in later years became an annalist) whose chief office it was to
sing the glory and record the history of the community.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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