runcinate, that is, the lobes into which they are cut point downwards towards the root instead of upwards from it, and the root is also fleshy. The Lettuce, Salsafy or Goat’s-beard, Ox-tongue, Hawkweed, Cat’s-ear, Nipplewort or Swine’s Succory, and many other well-known plants, belong to this tribe. [Illustration: FIG. 43.—SOWTHISTLE. (_Sonchus oleraceus._)] [Illustration: FIG. 44.—SEED OF THE DANDELION.] TRIBE II.—CYNAROCEPHALÆ. _Florets tubular. Juice watery, tonic._ [Illustration: FIG. 45.—PART OF THE FLOWER-HEAD OF THE BURDOCK.] The plants in this division all bear more or less relation to the common Artichoke (_Cynara Scolymus_). The scales of the involucre are generally fleshy at the base, but terminate outwardly in a sharp hard point. The florets are tubular, and intermixed with them in the receptacle are frequently found the hardened bracts, which in this state are called paleæ, and which appear to be of a chaffy substance, as exemplified in the choke of the Artichoke, the fleshy receptacle being in this plant what we call the Artichoke bottom. This peculiar formation is shown more in detail in _fig._ 45, which represents part of the flower of the common Bur or Burdock (_Arctium Lappa_), so annoying from the strong hold it takes of any part of the dress which it may chance to touch. In _fig._ 45 _a_ is the involucre, every scale in which is hooked and turned inwards, so as to hold firmly whatever it may catch; _b_ is a floret showing its tubular shape, and its style proceeding through the united anthers; _c_ shows the hardened bracts or paleæ, the other florets having been removed; and _d_ shows a fruit with a palea attached, magnified. All the different kinds of thistle belong to this division; and though many of the kinds have not the hardened bracts, they have all a spiny involucre. The pappus of the thistle is generally attached to a kind of disk, from which it becomes loosened soon after the seed falls, and this thistle, down, as it is called, being extremely light, is blown about by the winds. All the thistles have fleshy roots, and take firm hold of the soil. The Corn Blue-bottles (_Centaurea_), the Wild Saffron (_Carthamus tinctoria_), and many other well-known plants, belong to this division. TRIBE III.—CORYMBIFERÆ. _Florets partly tubular and partly ligulate; juice watery; sometimes bitter and tonic, and sometimes acrid. The seeds of some of the species yield oil._