The bishop describes the provinces more by their natural boundaries than by the two large districts included in each. According to his account, the first kingdom or province extended from that great water, termed in Scotch _Froch_, that is, Forth, in British or Welsh _Werid_, in Roman (by which he evidently means Anglic) _Scottewatre_, or the Scottish Water, which divides the kingdoms of Scotland and England, and flows past the town of Strivelin or Stirling, as far as that other great river which is called Tae, or the Tay. This province corresponds in extent with the third province of the first list, which includes Stratherne and Menteath. His second province extends to _Hilef_, as the sea encircles it till it reaches a mountain on the north plain of _Strivelin_ or Stirling, which is called _Athrin_, by which Athrie in the gorge of the Ochils can alone be meant. The district of Gowry is situated between the river Tay and the Isla, if that river be meant by the _Hilef_, but its eastern boundary is the small stream called the Liff, which is believed to have been formerly the channel through which the Isla reached the sea instead of flowing into the Tay, and that part of this province which is encircled by the sea points plainly to the great peninsula between the Firths of Tay and Forth. This province, therefore, does not entirely correspond with any of the provinces in the first list, but is formed of its fourth province of Fife and Fothreve, with the addition of Gowry. The bishop’s third province extends from Hilef to the Dee, and corresponds with the first province in the first list, containing the district of Angus and Mearns. His fourth province extends from the Dee to that great and wonderful river termed the _Spe_ or Spey, the greatest and best of all Scotia. This province, therefore, corresponds with the fifth province in the first list containing Mar and Buchan. The fifth province extended from the Spey to the mountain _Bruinalban_ or Breadalbane, and corresponds with that part of the second province of the first list termed _Adtheodle_ or Atholl. The sixth province is Muref and Ros, which is the same with the sixth province in the first list; and the seventh is _Arregaithel_. The changes thus produced upon the provincial distribution of the population by the formation of the kingdom of Alban or Scotia in the ninth century were, first, that in place of the province of Fife and Fothreve, we now find a larger province, including Gowry, with Scone, the royal seat of the _Ardri_, or supreme king; and here, probably, the chief settlements of the Scots had been made, and the chief power and influence of the kings of Scottish race were formed. It lay between the provinces of Stratherne and Menteath or _Fortren_ on the south-west, and of Angus and Mearns or _Maghgherghinn_ on the north-east, where, during the period of this dynasty, the men of Fortren on the one hand and the men of Mearns on the