Whereas Arbitration has been formally recognized as a substitute for war in the determination of differences between nations, being especially recommended by the Congress of Paris, where were assembled the representatives of England, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sardinia, and Turkey, and afterward adopted by the United States in formal treaty with Great Britain for the determination of differences arising from depredations of British cruisers, and also from opposing claims with regard to the San Juan boundary; and Whereas it becomes important to consider and settle the true character of this beneficent tribunal, thus commended and adopted, so that its authority and completeness as a substitute for war may not be impaired, but strengthened and upheld, to the end that civilization may be advanced and war be limited in its sphere: Therefore, 1. _Resolved_, That in the determination of international differences Arbitration should become a substitute for war in reality as in name, and therefore coëxtensive with war in jurisdiction, so that any question or grievance which might be the occasion of war or of misunderstanding between nations should be considered by this tribunal. 2. _Resolved_, That any withdrawal from a treaty recognizing Arbitration, or any refusal to abide the judgment of the accepted tribunal, or any interposition of technicalities to limit the proceedings, is to this extent a disparagement of the tribunal as a substitute for war, and therefore hostile to civilization. 3. _Resolved_, That the United States, having at heart the cause of peace everywhere, and hoping to help its permanent establishment between nations, hereby recommend the adoption of Arbitration as a just and practical method for the determination of international differences, to be maintained sincerely and in good faith, so that war may cease to be regarded as a proper form of trial between nations. REPUBLICANISM VS. GRANTISM. THE PRESIDENCY A TRUST, NOT A PLAYTHING AND PERQUISITE.--PERSONAL GOVERNMENT AND PRESIDENTIAL PRETENSIONS.--REFORM AND PURITY IN GOVERNMENT. SPEECH IN THE SENATE, MAY 31, 1872. _Socrates._ Then whom do you call the good? _Alcibiades._ I mean by the good those who are able to rule in the city. _Socrates._ Not, surely, over horses? _Alcibiades._ Certainly not. _Socrates._ But over men? _Alcibiades._ Yes. PLATO, _Dialogues: First Alcibiades_. Tr. Jowett, Vol. IV. p. 545. * * * * * Amongst the foremost purposes ought to be the downfall of this odious, insulting, degrading, aide-de-campish, incapable dictatorship. At such a crisis, is this country to be left at the mercy of barrack councils and mess-room politics?--_Letter of Lord Durham to Henry Brougham, August, 1830_: _Life and Times of Henry Lord Brougham_, Vol. III. p. 44. * * * * *